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AN 


ELEMENTARY 


HEBREW    GRAMMAR, 


WITH 


TABLES,  READIXG  EXEPtCISES,  AND  A  VOCABULARY. 


BY 


WILLIAM  HENRY  GEEEN, 

PHOFESSOR   IN   THE   THEOLOGICAL  SEMINAEY   AT   PEINCETON,    N.  J. 


NEW  YORK : 
JOHJSr    WILEY  &    SOl^, 

1SG6. 


Entered,  according  to  Act  of  Congi-ess,  in  the  year  1866,  by 

W.  n,  GREEN, 

In  the  Clerk's  Office  of  tlie  District  Court  for  the  Southern  District  of  New  York. 


JOHN  F.  TROW  &  CO., 

Pbinters,  Stkreotypeks,  and  Klkctrotypebs, 

No.  60  Greene  Street,  New  York. 


PREFACE. 


This  brief  Manual  has  been  prepared  with  special 
reference  to  the  wants  of  beginners.  The  essential  facts 
of  the  language  are  concisely  stated,  without  the  incum- 
brance of  minute  details,  which  would  confuse  their  minds 
and  impede  their  progress,  and  which  belong  properly  to 
a  more  advanced  stage  of  study.  The  tabular  form  has 
been  adopted  to  as  great  an  extent  as  possible,  in  order 
to  exhibit  to  the  eye  whatever  is  capable  of  such  a  mode 
of  representation.  The  Reading  Exercises,  which  are  of 
the  simplest  kind,  have  been  carefully  selected  with  a 
view  to  illustrate  the  forms  and  uses  of  different  parts 
of  speech,  and  especially  the  various  classes  of  perfect  and 
imperfect  verbs ;  and  they  are  accompanied  by  a  special 
Vocabulary. 

It  will,  as  is  hoped,  meet  the  Avants  of  non-profes- 
sional students  who  seek  a  general  knowledge  of  this 
venerable  and  sacred  tongue  rather  than  a  thorough 
acquaintance  with  it,  and  who  might  be  repelled  by  a 
larger  and  more  costly  apparatus.  It  is  sufficiently  sim- 
ple  for   private    study    as    well   as    adapted     for    use    in 


iv  PREFACE. 

schools  and  colleges  where  facilities  are  offered  for  the 
acquisition  of  the  Hebrew.  The  author  will  be  rejoiced 
if  this  humble  volume  should  tend  in  any  way  to  a  more 
extended  familiarity  with  the  original  language  of  the  Old 
Testament  among  intelligent  and  liberally  educated  laymen. 
This  elementary  treatise  may  also  sen^e  as  an  intro- 
duction to  the  author's  larger  Grammar  (which  is  through- 
out referred  to  by  the  letter  G),  or  as  an  aid  in  review^- 
ing  its  leading  facts  and  principles.  Por  this  purpose,  it 
will  be  issued  wdthout  the  Tables  and  Reading  Exercises. 

Princeton,  August  22(7,  1866. 


CONTENTS. 


GRAMMATICAL  TABLES. 

I.  The  Letters. 

II.  Classification  of  the  Letters.    The  Points. 

III.  Pronouns,    Verbs. — Their  Species. 

IV.  Paradigm  of  Perfect  Verbs. 

V.  Paradigm  of  the  Perfect  Verbs  with  Suffixes. 

VI.  Paradigm  of  Pe  Guttural  Verbs.  ■ 

VII.  Paradigm  of  Ayin  Guttural  Verbs. 

VIII.  Paradigm  of  Lamedh  Guttural  Verbs. 

IX.  Paradigm  of  Pe  Nun  Verbs. 

X.  Paradigm  of  Ayin  Doubled  Verbs. 

XI.  Paradigm  of  Ayin  Vav  and  Ayin  Yodh  Verbs. 

XIL  ParadigmofPe  Yodh  Verbs. 

Xni.  Paradigm  of  Lamedh  Aleph  Verbs. 

XIV.  Paradigm  of  Lamedh  He  Verbs. 

XV.  Declension  of  Nouns. 

XVI.  Paradigm  of  Nouns  with  Suffixes. 

XVII.  Numerals. 

XVIII.  Inseparable  Prepositions  and  other  Prefixes. 

XIX.  The  Accents. 

XX.  Consecution  of  Accents. 

ORTHOGRAPHY. 

§  1.  The  Letters    .             ......  Page  1 

§  2. ,  Their  Classification           ....  2 

§  3.  The  Vowel-Letters     .            .            .            .            ,            .  .2 

8  4.  Vowel-Points        ......  2 


Vi  '  CONTENTS. 

PAOE,- 

8  6.    Quiescence  of  the  Vowel-Letters     .  .  .  .  .3 

§  6.     Quantity  and  Quality  of  Vowels  ....  4 

§7.     ShVa 4 

§  8.     Pattahh-furtive    .......  5 

§  9.    Syllables       ........       5 

§  10.  Kamcts  and  Karaets-IIhatuph    .  .  .  .  .  6 

§  11.  Dagliesh-lene  .  .  •  .  .  •  »      ^ 

§  12.  Daghesh-forte     .......  *? 

§  1 3.  Mappik'        .  .  .  .  .  ...  •      *< 

§  14.  Raphe     .....•».  ^ 

§  15.  Accents.       .  .  .  •  •  •  •  .8 

§16.  Position  of  the  Accent    .  ...  .  .  8 

.    §  17.  Recession  of  the  Accent       .  .  .  .  .  •    .  ^ 

§18.  Pause  Accents    .......  10 

§19.  Consecution  of  Accents        .  .    -         .  .  .  .     10 

§  20.  Makkeph  .  .  .....  11 

§  21.  Methegli        .  .  .  .  .  •  •  •     H 

8  22.  K'ri  and  K'thibh  .  .  .  .  .  .12 


ETYMOLOGY. 

§  23.  Pronouns      .            .  •            .            «            •  •            '18 

§  24.  Verbs     ........  13 

§  25.  Peculiar  Forms        .  -            *            .            .  •            .14 

§  26.  Paragogic  and  Apocopated  Future  and  Imperative  .            .          15 

§27.  Vav  Conversive        .  .            .            •            .  •            .15 

§  28.  Verbs  with  Suffixes        .            .            .            •  .  .16 

§  29.  Imperfect  Verbs       .  .            .            ♦            •  •            .16 

§  30.  Guttural  Verbs  .            .            .            .            .  •  .17 

§  31.  Pe  Guttural  Verbs    .  .            .            .            •  •            -18 

§  32.  Ayin  Guttural  Verbs        .            .            .            .  .  .18 

§  33.  Lamedh  Guttural  Verbs  .            .            .            .  •            -19 

§  34.  Pe  Nun  (:£)  Verbs          .            .            .            .  .  .19 

§  35.  Ayin  Doubled  ( I'S )  Verbs  .            .            .            •  •            -20 

§86.  PeYodh('<'D)  Verbs       , 21 


CONTENTS.  Vn 

PAGE. 

§  37.  Ayin  Vav  ( 1*3? )  and  Ayin  Yodh  {"^^ )  Verbs             •            .  .22 
§  38.  Lamedh  Aleph  (wS  b )  Verbs        .            .            .            .            .23 

§  39.  Lamedh  He  (rib)  Verbs       .            .            ,            .            .  .23 

§  40.  Doubly  Imperfect  Verbs             .            .            .            ,            .  24 

§  41.  Unusual  Forms        .            .            .            .            ,            .  .25 

§  42.  Quadriliteral  Verbs         ..•.,,  25 

§43.  Gender  and  Number  of  Nouns         .            .            ,            .  .26 

§  44.  Feminine,  Dual,  and  Plural        .....  26 

§  45.  In  Feminine  Nouns  .            .            .            .            .            .  .2'? 

§  46,  Construct  State  .            .  '          .            ,            .            ,            .  27 

§  47.  Its  Formation .         .            .            .            .            .            .  .28 

§  48.  Paragogic  Vowels  .  .  ,  ,  ,  ,28 

§  49.  Nouns  with  Suffixes            -  .            .            ,            ,            .  .28 

§  50.  Irregular  Nouns  .......  29 

§  51.  Numerals      .            ,            .            .            ,            ,            ,  .80 

§  52.  Prefixed  Particles           ••....  SO 

§  53.  Separate  Particles    .            ,            ,            .            ,            ^  .30 


SYNTAX. 


§  54.  The  Copula         .            .  .            .            .            .            .82 

§  55.  The  Article  .            .            .  .            ,            ,            ,            .32 

§  56.  Nouns  definite  without  the  Article  •            ...          32 

§  57.  Adjectives    .            .            .  ,            .            .            .            ,33 

§  58.  Demonstratire  Pronouns  .            .            .            .            .         .33 

§  59.  Comparison  of  Adjectives     .  .            .            ,            ,            ;     33 

§  60.  Numerals             .             .  .             ,          _  .             .             .34 

§  61.  Apposition   .            ...  .            .            .            .            .34 

§  62.  The  Construct  State        .  .            .            .            ;            .35 

§  63.  Tenses  of  Verbs        .  '  .            ,            .            ,            .35 

§  64.  The  Preterite      .......  36 

§  66.  The  Future  .  .  36 

§  66.  The  Secondary  Tenses    .  ....          37 

§  67.  Participles    .            .  .            •            .            .            .     38 


VUl       -  CONTENTS. 

PAGE. 

§  68.  Tlie  Infinitive      .             .             .  .             .             .             .38 

§  69.  Object  of  Verbs        .             .  .                          .             .             .39 

§  70.  Verbs  with  more  than  one  Object  .            .                         .39 

§  71.  Adverbial  Expressions          .  .                         ...     39 

§72.  Neglect  of  Agreement     ......  40 

§  73.  Compound  Subject  .            .  .            ,            .            ..           .40 

§  74.  Repetition  of  Words       .            ,  .            ,            .            .41 

§  75.  Relative  Pronoun     .            ,  .            .                         ,.            .41 

§  76.  Conjunctions       ...  ...          42 

EXERCISES  IN  READING 43 

VOCABULARY .62 


ELEMENTARY  HEBREW  GRAMMAR. 


ORTHOGKAPH  Y. 

§1.  The  Letters. 

Sounds  in  Hebrew  are  represented  by  letters  and  points. 

The  number  of  the  letters  is  twenty-two ;  these  are  all 
consonants,  and  are  written  from  right  to  left.  See  Table  I, 
G.  page  3. 

Seven  of  them  have  a  twofold  pronunciation,  the  distinc- 
tion being  made  by  an  accompanying  dot  or  point.  Thus  n 
is  hit  or  V,  and  3  (5;  ^  is  gh,  5  g;  n  dh  as  th  in  the,  ^  d;  D 
kh  as  the  German  ch  in  ich,  5  k ;  ti  pk  or  f,^p;  n  th  ?.s 
in  thin,  T\  A  As,  however,  there  are  no  sounds  in  English 
corresponding  to  gh  and  kh,  the  aspiration  of  ^  and  D  is  com- 
monly neglected.  The  letter  t  with  a  dot  over  its  right  arm 
has  the  sound  of  sh,  and  is  called  shhi ;  to  with  a  dot  over 
its  left  arm  is  called  siji,  and  pronounced  like  s. 

n  has  a  stronger  sound  than  n  the  simple. /^  and  is  ac- 
cordingly represented  by  hh. 

«  has  no  sound ;  it  has  been  likened  to  the  smooth 
breathing  (')  of  the  Greeks  or  the  English  silent  h  in  hour. 

y  is  a  deep  guttural  which  was  always  heard ;  but  it  is 
so  difficult  of  utterance  by  our  organs  that  no  attempt  is 
made  to  reproduce  it. 

The  forms  D  ^  5  s  2  are  used  at  the  beginning  or  in  the 
middle  of  words  ;  at  the  end  of  words  the  bottom  stroke  is 
bent  downward,  1 ,  ] ,  q ,  r,  or  the  letter  closed  up,  D . 


2  ORTHOGRAPHY.  ^^  2-4. 

§  2.  Their  Classification. 

The  letters  may  be  divided,  see  Table  II,  G.  p.  9, 

First,  with  respect  to  the  organs  by  which  they  are  pro- 
nounced. 

Secondly,  into  weak,  medium,  and  strong.  The  weak 
consonants  suffer  or  occasion  frequent  changes  in  the 
formation  and  inflection  of  words.  The  strong  consonants 
are  capable  of  entering  without  change  into  any  combina- 
tions which  analogy  may  require.  Those  of  medium 
strength  are  neither  so  stable  as  the  latter  nor  so  feeble 
and  fluctuating  as  the  former. 

Thirdly,  into  radicals  and  serviles.  The  former,  which 
comprise  just  one-half  of  the  alphabet,  are  only  used  in  the 
roots  or  radical  portions  of  words.  The  latter,  though  they 
may  also  enter  into  roots,  are  likewise  employed  in  the  in- 
flection and  derivation  of  words,  in  prefixes  and  in  suflixes. 

%  3.  The  Vowel-Letters. 

The  vowels,  when  written  at  all,  were  originally  repre- 
sented by  what  are  called  the  vow^el -letters.  Thus  "^  was 
used  to  signify  not  only  y  but  its  cognates  %  and  e ;  ^  stood 
for  b  and  ii ;  ^5  or  n  for  a  or  its  compounds  e  and  o. 

The  long  vowels  were,  however,  frequently  omitted  in 
writing,  and  left  to  be  mentally  supplied  by  the  reader. 
This  was  almost  always  the  case  with  the  short  vowels,  ex- 
cept ^,  which  might  be  represented  by  "^  or  n . 

§  4.  Vowel-Points. 

This  scanty  and  ambiguous  notation  has  been  supple- 
mented by  nine  vowel-points  ;  of  these,  three  represent  long, 
three  short,  and  three  doubtful,  vowels.  See  Table  II,  G. 
p.  15. 


^  5.  LETTERS.    •  3 

These  are  written  under  the  letter  after  which  they  are 
pronounced,  except  two,  viz.,  Hholem  and  Shurek. 

Hholem  is  placed  over  the  left  edge  of  the  letter  to  which 
it  belongs.  When  followed  by  C  or  preceded  by  ts  it  coin- 
cides with  the  diacritical  point  over  the  letter,  e.  g.  rifc^ 
mds/ie,  i^?.tcJ  sone ;  when  it  follows  t3  or  precedes  iu  it  is 
written  over  its  opposite  arm,  e.  g.  '^iailJ  s/iomer,  itJ&'^n  tir- 
pos. 

Its  presence  in  these  cases  can  be  ascertained  by  the  fol- 
lowing rule.  If  preceded  by  a  letter  without  a  vowel-sign,  © 
will  be  osh,  and  't  as ;  if  it  have  itself  no  vowel-sign,  to  will 
be  so  and  to  s/id^  except  at  the  end  of  words. 

Shurek  is  a  dot  in  the  bosom  of  the  letter  Vav,  thus  ^ . 
When  there  is  a  1  in  the  text  the  vowel  «^,  whether  long  or 
short,  is  indicated  by  a  single  dot  within  it,  and  called  Shu- 
rek ;  in  the  absence  of  1  it  is  indicated  by  three  dots  placed 
obliquely  beneath  the  letter  to  which  it  belongs,  and  called 
Kibbuts. 

§  5.   Quiescence  of  the  Vowel-Letters. 

When  i5  51  1  '1  represent  vowels,  they  are  interpreted  by 
the  preceding  or  accompanying  vowel-sign,  that  is  to  say, 
they  denote  the  sound  which  it  indicates.  When  they  are 
consonants,  but  have  lost  their  proper  sound  in  that  of  a  pre- 
ceding vowel,  they  are  said  to  quiesce  in  that  vowel,  and  are 
termed  quiescents. 

These  letters  maintain  their  consonantal  character  in  the 
body  of  words  whenever  they  are  followed  by  a  vowel  or  a 
Sh'va,  §  7,  or  have  a  Daghesh-forte,  §  12  ;  for  two  vowels 
never  come  together  in  Hebrew,  and  ShVa  and  Daghesh- 
forte  belong  only  to  consonants ;  thus  'n''5P  kOvekd,  Trm 
vhdi/d,  n^p  kiyyam. 

At  the  end  of  words  ^  and  1  are  vowels  whenever  they 
are  preceded  by  their  homogeneous  vowel-signs,  "^  by  e  or  i, 


4        '  ORTHOGRAPHY.  H  6,  7. 

1  by  0  or  ff,  but  not  othenvise,  as  ^^  dl,  i^i  do,  but  ''H  Ma?/^ 

Final  n  is  a  vowel  unless  it  has  Mappik,  §  13. 

Final  x  is  either  a  vowel  or  a  quiescent,  whatever  tlie 
preceding  vowel-sign  may  be,  ikh  Id,  ^^T\  hit ;  if  a  vowelless 
consonant  precede  it  is  otiant,  ^5n'|l^  vayyar. 

The  combination  1\  is  pronounced  dv,  "i*^:?  and  is?  anciv. 

§  6.   (Quantity  and  Quality  of  Vowels. 

As  letters  were  rarely  used  to  represent  the  short  vowels, 
Shurek  (i)  and  Hhirik  with  Yodh  (\)  are  commonly  long. 

When  1  and  ^  stand  for  their  long  homogeneous  vowels, 
these  latter  are  said  to  be  written  fully,  e.  g.  bip  kol,  T5  nir, 
tT\l2  miitJi ;  without  these  vowel-letters  they  are  said  to  be 
written  defectively,  e.  g.  '^ti^pO  hVdmbthl,  cbs  Icdmus. 

The  vowels  may  be  further  distinguished  into  pure,  a,  i, 
Uy  and  diphthongal,  e,o;  e  being  a  combination  of  a  and  i  or 
intermediate  between  them,  and  o  holding  the  same  relation 
to  a  and  u, 

§  7.  SJtva. 

Sh'va  -r  is  placed  under  vowelless  consonants  to  indicate 
the  absence  of  a  vowel.  At  the  end  of  words,  however,  it  is 
omitted  unless  the  last  letter  is  1,  or  is  immediately  preceded 
by  another  vowelless  letter,  or  is  doubled  by  the  point  called 
Daghesh-forte,  §  12. 

Sh'va  is  silent  at  the  end  of  syllables,  but  vocal  at  the 
beginning,  Avhere  a  shght  sound  as  of  e  in  yiven  is  always 
introduced  between  concurring  consonants,  ^V}^^  h'miclMar. 

Besides  simple  Sh'va,  which  has  just  been  explained, 
there  are  three  compound  Sh  vas,  used  chiefly  with  the  gut- 
turals, see  Table  II,  G.  p.  21.  These  represent  brief  transi- 
tion sounds,  more  distinctly  assimilated  to  one  of  the  short 
vowels  6?,  Cy  or  9. 


I 


H  8,  9-  VOWELS. SYLLABLES 


§  8.  PattaJih-fiirtive. 


Pattahh-furtive  —  is  an  extremely  short  a,  and  is  pro- 
nounced before  the  letter  under  which  it  is  written.  It 
occurs  with  5?,  n  or  the  consonantal  ?i  at  the  end  of  words, 
when  preceded  by  a  vowel  other  than  a,  or  followed  by 
another  vowelless  consonant,  rm  ru'^hh,  T\yq'd  shamd't. 

^        ^9.  Syllables. 

Two  vowels  can  never  come  together  in  the  same  word 
in  Hebrew  without  an  intervening  consonant,  and  hence 
there  can  never  be  more  than  one  vowel  in  the  same  syl- 
lable. 

Every  syllable  except  initial  i  must  begin  with  a  conso- 
nant, and  may  begin  with  two,  but  never  with  more  than 
two. 

Hence,  when  two  vowelless  consonants  concur  at  the  be- 
ginning of  a  syllable,  the  first  will  receive  a  short  vowel. 
This  is  commonly  Hiiirik  ;  but  if  one  of  the  consonants  had 
a  compound  Sh Va,  the  vowel  corresponding  will  be  inserted  ; 
or  if  a  vowel  has  been  rejected,  the  new  vowel  may  be  con- 
formed to  it. 

Syllables  ending  with  a  vowel  are  called  simple ;  those 
ending  with  a  consonant,  or,  as  is  possible  at  the  close  of  a 
word,  with  two  consonants,  are  said  to  be  mixed. 

As  Pattahh-furtive  and  the  vocal  ShVas,  whether  simple 
or  compound,  are  not  vowels,  but  involuntaiy  transition 
sounds,  they,  with  the  consonants  under  which  they  stand, 
cannot  form  syllables,  but  are  attached  to  that  of  the  pre- 
ceding or  following  vowel;  thus,  ^inr  zrif-. 

Unaccented  simple  syllables  always  contain  long  vowels, 
and  unaccented  mixed  syllables  short  vowels.  But  an  ac- 
cented syllable,  whether  simple  or  mixed,  may  contain  indif- 
ferently a  long  or  a  short  vowel.      Accordingly,  if  for  any 


6  .  ORTHOGRAPHY.  §   10. 

reason  a  mixed  syllable  becomes  simple,  its  vowel  is  ordina- 
rily lengthened  ;  and  if  a  simple  syllable  becomes  mixed,  or 
a  long  mixed  syllabic  loses  its  accent,  its  vowel  is  ordinarily 
shortened. 

AVhen  the  same  consonant  performs  the  twofold  office  of 
completing  one  syllable  and  beginning  the  next,  the  first  is 
neither  simple  nor  mixed,  but  is  what  may  be  called  an  in- 
termediate syllable.  Its  vowel  is  short,  as  though  it  were  a 
mixed  syllable,  and  yet  the  consonant  is  attached  to  what 
follows  as  though  it  were  simple.  Consonants  which  stand 
in  this  equivocal  relation  are  mostly  such  as  remain  single 
when  analogy  would  require  them  to  be  doubled,  or- have  a 
vocal  Sh'va  or  a  vowel  when  they  might  be  expected  to  have 
£^  silent  Sh'va. 

§10.  Kamets  ajid  Kamets-Hhatujjh. 

Kamets  a  and  Kamets-Hhatuph  o  are  both  represented 
by  the  same  sign  ( ^ ),  but  may  be  distinguished  by  the  follow- 
ing rules. 

1.  In  an  accented  syllable,  w^hether  simple  or  mixed,  and 
in  an  unaccented  simple  syllable,  it  is  Kamets ;  in  an  unac- 
cented mixed  syllable  it  is  Kamets-Hhatuph. 

2.  Before  a  letter  with  simple  ShVa  the  distinction  is 
mostly  made  by  Methegh ;  without  Methegh  it  is  always 
Kamets-Hhatuph,  with  it  commonly  Kamets. 

3.  Before  a  guttural  with  Hhateph-Kamets  or  Kamets- 
Hhatuph  it  is  frequently  o,  though  accompanied  by  Methegh. 

4.  Sometimes  it  can  only  be  decided  by  the  etymology. 
If  the  vowel  be  derived  from  Hholem,  or  the  grammatical 
form  requires  an  o  or  a  short  vowel,  it  is  Kamets-Hhatuph ; 
but  if  it  be  derived  from  Pattahh,  or  the  form  requires  an  a, 
or  a  long  vowel,  it  is  Kamets. 


§§  11-13.  DAGHESH. MAPPIK.  7 

§  11.  Dagliesli'lene. 

Daghesh-lene  is  a  point  inserted  in  the  six  letters 
1  r\  "7  D  5D  h  (technically  called  B'ghadh  K'phath)  to  indicate 
the  loss  of  their  aspiration,  §  1 .  •These  letters  retain  their 
aspiration  only  when  immediately  preceded  by  a  vowel  or 
vocal  ShVa ;  and  consequently  always  receive  Daghesh-lene 
after  a  vowelless  consonant  or  after  a  pause,  i.  e.  at  the  be- 
ginning of  a  verse,  or  preceded  by  a  word  which  has  a  dis- 
junctive accent. 

§  12.  Baglieslt-forte, 

Daghesh-forte  is  a  point  inserted  in  the  bosom  of  a  letter 
to  show  that  it  is  to  be  doubled  ;  thus  ^%T^  vayyimmdl.  It 
is  never  found  in  the  gutturals  i5  Ji  n  5?  and  rarely  in  ^ . 

A  point  in  one  of  the  aspirates  is  Daghesh-forte  if  a  vowel 
precedes,  otherwise  it  is  Daghesh-lene.  The  aspirates  when 
doubled  likewise  lose  their  aspiration. 

A  point  in  Vav  is  Daghesh-forte  if  a  vowel  precedes ; 
otherwise  it  is  Shurek. 

Daghesh-forte  is  sometimes  inserted  for  euphony.  When 
the  first  letter  of  a  word  is  doubled  in  order  to  link  it  with 
the  final  vowel  of  the  word  preceding,  it  is  called  Daghesh- 
forte  Conjunctive. 

Daghesh-forte  is  frequently  omitted  from  a  voweUess  let- 
ter, whether  in  the  middle  or  at  the  end  of  words.  In  the 
former  case  the  following  ShVa  generally  remains  vocal. 

§  13.  Mapptk', 

Mappik  is  a  point  inserted  in  a  final  He  to  denote  that  it 
is  a  consonant  and  not  a  vowel,  ^%^^  artsah,  ^i'^^5  artm. 


8   -  ORTHOGRAPHY.  §^  14-16. 

§  14.  Rujjlie. 

Raphe  is  a  small  honzontal  stroke  placed  over  a  letter, 
and  denotes  the  opposite  of  Daghesh-lene,  Daghesh-forte, 
or  Mappik,  as  the  casa  may  be :  -  n'lD^n  hwvdsdha^  not 
hivvdsdhilh. 

'  §  15.  Accents. 

An  accent  is  written  upon  every  word,  with  the  twofold 
design  of  marking  its  tone-syllable  and  of  indicating  its  rela- 
tion to  other  words  in  the  sentence. 

Accents  are  either  disjunctives  or  conjunctives,  see  XIX, 
G.  pp.  36,  37.  The  former  indicate  that  the  word  upon 
which  they  are  placed  is  more  or  less  separated  from  those 
that  follow ;  the  latter  that  it  is  connected  with  what  folio w^s. 

The  place  of  the  accent  is  either  over  or  under  the  letter 
preceding  the  tone-vowel,  Avith  the  exception  of  the  preposi- 
tives  (marked  p-ep.  in  the  table),  which  always  accompany 
the  initial  letter  of  the  w^ord,  and  the  postpositives  (marked 
postp.),  which  stand  upon  its  final  letter. 

Silluk  has  the  same  form  as  Methegh ;  but  the  former 
invariably  stands  on  the  tone-syllable  of  the  last  word  in  the 
verse,  while  Methegh  is  never  written  under  a  tone-syllable. 
Pashta  is  likewise  distinguished  from  Kadhma,  and  Y'thibh 
from  Mahpakh,  only  by  their  position. 

Ih  the  poetical  books.  Job,  Psalms,  and  Proverbs,  a  differ- 
ent system  of  accentuation  prevails  from  that  which  is  in  use 
in  the  rest  of  the  Old  Testament. 


§  16.  Fosition  of  the  Accent, 

The  accent  always  falls  either  upon  the  ultimate  or 
penultimate  syllable,  and  is  governed  by  the  following  rules : 

1.  In  their  uninflected  state  all  words,  whether  primitive 
or  derivative,  are  accented  on  the  ultimate,  'ih'i ,  ^nn . 


§  17.  ACCENTS.  9 

But  Segholate  words  and  forms,  that  is,  such  as  have  an 
unessential  vowel  in  the  ultimate,  inserted  to  soften  the  harsh- 
ness of  concurring  consonants,  are  accented  on  the  penulti- 
mate, tfbb  for  ^bia,  b?^  for  b.^^! . 

2.  If  the  v/ord  receive  an  addition  at  the  end  consisting 
of  a  vowel  or  beginning  with  one,  this  will  attract  the  accent 
to  itself  or  to  its  initial  vowel,  Q'^'nn^ ,  ihnn  . 

Eoocejotions. — a.  Suffixes  added  to  the  3  fern,  preterite 
of  verbs,  t3J!]i'^0-  ^-  Personal  terminations  of  verbs  and  the 
paragogic  vowels  y\^ ,  n.  and  '^. ,  when  they  do  not  cause  the 
rejection  of  the  vowel  previously  accented,  ni2^,  ^^"^nnn,  but 

:    IT 

3.  When  a  simple  syllable  is  attached  to  a  word  either 
directly  or  by  means  of  a  union  vowel,  the  accent  is  given  to 
the  penult,  cm,  no^ti,  ^i^nos-a,  bp_,  nib]?. 

"The  suffix  Tj  follows  the  general  rule,  when  preceded  by 
a  union  vowel,  but  draws  the  accent  upon  itself  when  it  is 
not,  T^«,  ^i:- 

4.  A  consonant  appended  to  a  long  final  vowel  draws 
the  accent  to  the  ultimate,  ^n'^^;',  i^fri^^. 

5.  Appended  mixed  syllables  always  receive  the  accent, 
nmbn,  DDSbia. 

6.  The  only  prefixes  which  afibct  the  position  of  the  ac- 
cent are  the  Vav  Conversive  of  the  future,  which  draws  it 
back  from  a  mixed  ultimate  to  a  simple  penult,  "iiaS^^l ;  and 
the  Vav  Conversive  of  the  preterite,  which  throws  it  forward 
from  the  penult  to  the  ultimate,  jf^'!>^^'i . 

§  17.  Becession  of  the  Accent. 

A  conjunctive  is  frequently  removed  from  the  ultimate  to 
the  penult,  if  a  disjunctive  immediately  follows,  whether  upon 
a  monosyllable  or  the  penult  of  a  dissyllable,  nb^b  i^'i]?  Gen. 
1:5. 

1* 


10'  ORTHOGRAPHY.  §§18,19. 

§  18.  Pause  Accents, 

The  greater  disjunctives,  which  mark  the  limits  of  clauses 
and  sections,  arc  called  pause  accents. 

These  sometimes  stand  upon  the  penult  in  words  ordi- 
narily accented  on  the  ultimate,  ''ibij ,  "^pjij ;  or  vice  versa 
upon  the  ultimate  in  place  of  the  penult,  "^^^'^l . 

They  also  occasion  certain  vowel  changes,  viz.,  they 

1.  Lengthen  short  vowels,  "li?^ ,  n^s: . 

2.  Restore  vowels  dropped  in  inflection,  ^^^"^ ,  ^"^l*^- 

3.  Change  simple  Sh'va  to  Seghol,  '^n^,  '^fT; . 

4.  Change  compound  Sh'va  to  the  corresponding  long 
vowel,  ^i:iit,  ^pij . 

§19.   Cotisecution  of  Accents. 

The  last  word  in  every  verse  receives  Silluk,  and  is  fol- 
lowed by  two  dots  vertically  placed  ( : )  called  Soph  Pasuk 
(i.  e.  end  of  the  verse). 

If  the  verse  consists  of  two  clauses,  the  last  word  of  the 
first  clause  is  marked  by  Athnahh.  If  of  three  clauses,  which 
is  the  greatest  number  that  any  verse  can  contain,  the  first  is 
limited  by  Segholta,  the  second  by  Athnahh,  and  the  last  by 
Silluk. 

These  clauses  are  divided  into  sections,  if  necessary,  by 
one  or  more  of  the  disjmictives,  Zakeph  Katon,  Zakeph 
Gadhol,  R'bhi%  Pazer,  and  T'Hsha  G'dhola. 

In  the  sections  thus  created  the  accents  are  disposed 
relatively  to  the  disjunctive  which  marks  its  close,  see  XX, 
G.  p.  48. 

Each  disjunctive  of  the  first  class  is  regularly  preceded 
by  one  conjunctive  and  a  disjunctive  of  the  second  class  ; 
disjunctives  of  the  second  class  by  two  conjunctives  and  a 
disjunctive  of  the  third  class  ;  disjunctives  of  the  third  class 
by  three  conjunctives  and  a  disjunctive  of  the  fourth  class ; 


^  20,  21.  ACCENTS.  11 

and  disjunctives  of  the  fourth  class  by  four  or  more  con- 
junctives. 

The  trains  of  accents  thus  formed  are  adapted  to  sections 
of  different  length  and  character  by  omitting  such  of  the 
Conjunctives  and  more  rarely  by  repeating  such  of  the  Dis- 
junctives, as  the  mutual  relations  of  the  words  may  seem  to 
require,  and  breaking  off  the  series  whenever  all  the  words 
in  the  section  have  been  supplied. 

^  20.  MaUepl, 

Malvkeph'  ( " )  is  used  to  connect  words.  Monosyllabic 
particles  especially  are  frequently  thus  Unked  with  the  suc- 
ceeding or  preceding  word,  '^S'ni^5^n"ayj . 

Where  two  or  more  words  are  united  in  this  manner  the 
last  only  has  an  accent.  Hence  a  long  mixed  syllable,  fol- 
lowed by  Makkeph,  must  be  shortened,  ?)i3?"bD ,  or  else  receive 
the  secondary  accent  Methegh,  M2k'7^";''&i5 . 

%  21.  Methegh. 

Methegh  (  —  )  represents  a  minor  stress  of  the  voice, 
which  usually  falls  upon  the  second  syllable  before  the  ac- 
cent, and  again  upon  the  fourth,  if  the  word  have  so  many, 

If  the  syllable,  which  should  receive  it,  is  mixed,  it  may 
be  given  in  preference  to  an  antecedent  simple  syllable  ;  or 
if  none  such  precede,  it  may  be  omitted  altogether. 

It  is  always  given  to  simple  syllables,  followed  by  a  vocal 
ShVa,  ^"i^^^ ;  also  to  intermediate  syllables  followed  by  com- 
pound ShVa,  or  a  vowel  which  has  arisen  from  compound 
Sh'va,  "^1^2^,^,  ^^^i^l!! ,  and  frequently  when  the  Sh'va  is  sim- 
ple, nistib . 

The  place  of  Methegh  is  often  supplied  by  an  accent 
chosen  agreeably  to  the  laws  of  consecution,  DD'ansiji . 


12  "  ORTHOGRAPHY.  §  22. 

^  22.  K'ri  and  K'fhibh. 

1.  K'rl  {read)  is  the  technical  name  of  a  marginal  read- 
ing in  the  Hebrew  Bible,  which  is  sanctioned  by  tradition  as 
a  substitute  for  the  correspondhig  reading  in  the  text,  or  the 
K'thlbh  {loritten).  The  vowels  of  the  K'ri  are  connected 
with  the  letters  of  the  text  and  a  reference  made  to  the  mar- 
gin Avhere  the  letters  of  the  former  may  be  found. 

2.  If  a  given  word  is  to  be  omitted  in  reading,  it  is  left 
unpointed,  and  the  note  ^'^p  i^bi  n^^nn  ivriiten  hut  not  read, 
placed  in  the  margin.  If,  on  the  other  hand,  a  word  is  to  be 
supplied,  its  vowels  are  inserted  in  the  text,  and  the  letters 
placed  in  the  margin  with  the  note,  I'TiD  i^bl  "rnp  read  hut  not 
written, 

3.  In  some  words  of  frequent  occurrence,  a  different  read- 
ing is  suggested  by  the  points  alone,  without  a  marginal 
explanation.  Thus  the  sacred  name  inin** ,  which  the  Jews 
have  a  superstitious  dread  of  pronouncing,  is  read  by  them 
as  if  it  were  "^T^^,  Lord,  whose  points  it  accordingly  receives, 
n'in^ ,  unless  these  two  names  stand  in  immediate  connection, 
when  to  avoid  repetition,  it  is  read  D'^n'^ijl  and  pointed  !Tin;i ; 
so  the  pronoun  i^in  is  read  )SrT\ , 


ETYMOLOGY. 

§  23.  Pronouns, 

The  HebreAv  pronouns  are  personal,  demonstrative,  rela- 
tive, and  interrogative  or  indefinite,  see  III,  G.  pp.  95-100. 

When  the  personal  pronouns  stand  in  a  relation  of  de- 
pendence to  verbs,  nouns,  and  particles,  they  are  appended  to 
them  in  abbreviated  forms  called  the  pronominal  suffixes. 

The  personal  pronoun  of  the  third  person  ^"n  is  used 
for  the  remote  demonstrative  that. 

The  vowel  of  the  interrogative  nia  varies  with  the  first  let- 
ter of  the  following  word,  see  XVIII,  G.  pp.  99,  100. 

In  a  few  instances  its  vowel-letter  is  dropped,  and  it  is 
converted  into  a  prefix,  nj^  for  rij  n^ . 

§  24.   Verbs. 

Hebrew  verbs  have  seven  different  forms,  called  species, 
or  conjugations,  which  represent  as  many  modifications  of  the 
verbal  idea,  see  III,  G.  pp.  100,  109. 

The  first  of  these  species  is  called  Kal  li(/ht,  because  in  it 
no  other  than  the  tliree  radical  letters  appear,  and  these  only 
in  their  single  power.  The  names  of  the  other  species  are 
derived  from  bi^B  to  do,  the  form  assumed  by  this  verb  in 
each  species  serving  as  its  designation. 

To  each  of  these  species  belong  a  preterite  and  future, 
two  forms  of  the  infinitive  called  respectively  the  absolute  and 
the  construct,  a  participle,  and,  except  to  the  Pual  and  Ho-' 
phal  which  as  pure  passives  cannot  express  a  command,  an 
imperative.     The  Kal  alone  has  two  participles. 

Verbs  are  called  perfect  when  they  conform  throughout 


14  ETYMOLOGY.  §  25. 

to  the  standard  inflection,  see  IV,  G.  pp.  114,  115  ;  and  im- 
perfect when  they  are  compelled  to  deviate  from  it  by  the 
presence  of  a  weak  letter  or  some  other  peculiarity  in  the 
root. 

The  vowel  of  the  second  radical  in  the  Kal  preterite  of 
perfect  verbs  is  commonly  Pattahh,  sometimes  Tsere  or  Hho- 
lem ;  in  the  Kal  future  and  imperative  it  is  commonly  Hho- 
lem,  thoudi  it  is  sometimes  Pattahh.  Such  as  have  Tsere  or 
Hholem  in  the  preterite  regularly  take  Pattahh  in  the  future 
and  imperative. 

Tav  of  the  prefixed  fin  in  Hithpael  is  transposed  with 
the  first  radical  of  the  verb,  if  it  be  one  of  the  sibilants  o ,  T23 
or  ilJ ;  with  ii  the  in  is  transposed  and  in  addition  changed  to 
t: ;  with  1 ,  t:  or  n ,  and  occasionally  with  other  letters,  the  n 
is  assimilated  to  the  first  radical  and  united  with  it  by  Da- 
ghesh-forte,  banon,  pTJ2fn,  pi^n. 

§  25.  Peculiar  Forms. 

AVhen  the  last  radical  is  t\  or  5,  it  is  united  by  Da- 
ghesh-forte  with  personal  endings  beginning  with  the  same 
letter. 

The  vowel-letter  n  may  be  added  to  the  2  masc.  sing,  of 
the  preterite  and  dropped  from  the  fem.  plurals  of  the  future 
and  imperative. 

Pinal )  is  sometimes  added  to  u  of  the  preterite,  and  to 
u  and  I  of  the  future. 

The  Kal  construct  infinitive  in  a  few  instances  has  Pat- 
tahh in  place  of  Hholem,  niio,  bsiij ;  and  occasionally  it  takes 
a  feminine  ending,  tipDn  for  pn'^ . 

The  Niphal  absolute  infinitive  may  be  either  l^bpp  or 

A  few  verbs  have  Pattahh  or  Seghol  as  the  vowel  of  the 
second  radical  in  the  Piel  preterite  ;  Pattahh  also  occurs  in 
the  Hithpael. 


§^  26,  27.  PARAGOGIC    FUTURE,  15 

Pual  sometimes  has  Kamets-Hhatupli  and  Hophal  Kib- 
buts  in  the  first  syllable. 

^26.  Faragogic  and  Apocopated  Fidiire  and  Imperative. 

1.  The  vowel  n^  is  appended  to  the  first  person  of  the 
future,  and,  in  a  very  few  instances,  to  the  third  person  sin- 
gular, to  express  desire  or  determination,  J^i^r^Di  we  ivill  break 
or  let  us  break.  This  is  called  the  paragogic  or  cohortative 
future.  ' 

2.  The  apocopated  or  jussive  future  is  a  shortened  form 
of  the  second  or  third  persons  singular  and  expresses  a  wish 
or  command,  or  with  a  negative  dissuasion  or  prohibition. 
In  perfect  verbs  it  is  distinguished  from  the  simple  future 
only  in  the  Hiphil  species,  in  which  the  *> .  of  the  ultimate  is 
changed  to  (..),  ^?i?ri  thou  may  est  understand  or  understand 
thou, 

3.  Paragogic  n^  is  sometimes  appended  to  the  masculine 
singular  of  the  imperative,  softening  the  command  into  an 
entreaty  or  expression  of  desire,  "^W^,  oh,  hear  I  or  prag, 
hear  ! 

§  27.   Vav  Conversive. 

Vav  Conversive  is  a  modification  of  the  copulative  1  and, 
and  is  so  called  because  it  has,  in  certain  cases,  the  remarka- 
ble effect  of  converting  the  future  into  a  preterite  and  the 
preterite  into  a  future. 

Vav  Conversive  prefixed  to  the  future  takes  Pattahh  fol- 
lowed by  Daghesh-forte  in  the  next  letter.  If  this  be  Yodh 
with  Sh'va,  Daghesh  is  usually  omitted.  Before  i5  of  the  first 
person,  which  cannot  receive  Daghesh,  Pattahh  is  lengthened 
to  Kamets.  The  verb  commonly  suffers  the  same  change  as 
in  the  apocopated  future,  §  26.  2,  and  in  the  first  person 
sometimes  has  paragogic  n^ . 


16  ETYMOLOGY.  H  ~8,  29. 

Vav  Conversive  prefixed  to  the  preterite  has  the  same 
pointing  with  Vav  Conjunctive,  see  XVIII,  G.  p.  262. 

For  the  influence  of  Vav  Conversive  on  the  accent,  see 
§16.  6. 

§  28.    Verbs  ivith  Suffuxes. 

The  personal  pronouns  are  frequently  suffixed  to  the 
verbs  of  which  they  are  the  object. 

The  suffixes  are  joined  directly  to  those  verbal  forms 
which  end  in  a  vowel ;  those  forms  which  end  in  a  conso- 
nant insert  before  ^ ,  tD?  and  ■)?  a  vocal  Sh  va,  and  before  the 
remaining  suffixes  a  full  vowel,  which,  in  the  preterite,  is 
mostly  a,  and,  in  the  future  and  imperative,  mostly  e. 

Nun  epenthetic  is  sometimes  inserted  between  the  future 
of  the  verb  and  the  suffix,  particularly  in  emphatic  and 
pausal  forms. 

The  suffixes  are  given  in  Table  III,  G,  (folded  leaf),  both 
in  then-  primary  forms,  and  as  modified  by  the  union  vowels 
and  Nun  epenthetic.  Various  parts  of  the  verb  in  connec- 
tion with  suffixes  are  shown  in  Table  V,  G.  pp.  138,  139. 

The  first  and  second  persons  of  the  verb  do  not  receive 
suffixes  of  the  same  person  with  themselves. 

§  29.  Inqoerfed  Verbs. 

Imperfect  Verbs  depart  more  or  less  from  the  standard 
inflection,  as  the  nature  of  their  radicals  may  require.  They 
are  of  three  classes,  viz. : 

I.  Guttiu^al  verbs,  or  those  which  have  a  guttural  letter 
in  the  root. 

II.  Contracted  verbs,  two  of  whose  radicals  are  in  certain 
cases  contracted  into  one. 

III.  Quiescent  verbs,  or  those  which  have  a  quiescent  or 
vowel-letter  in  the  root. 

There  are  three  kinds  of  guttural  verbs  : 


§  30.  GUTTURAL    VERBS.  17 

1.  Pe  Guttural  verbs,  or  those  whose  first  radical  is  a 
guttural. 

2.  Ayiu  Guttural  verbs,  or  those  whose  second  radical  is 
a  guttural. 

3.  Lamedh  Guttural  verbs,  or  those  v/hose  third  radical 
is  a  guttural. 

There  are  tv^^o  kinds  of  contracted  verbs  : 

1 .  Pe  Nun  verbs,  or  those  whose  first  radical  is  Nun. 

2.  Ayiu  Doubled  verbs,  or  those  whose  second  and  third 
radicals  are  alike. 

There  are  four  kinds  of  quiescent  verbs  : 

1.  Pe  Yodh  verbs,  or  those  v/hose  first  radical  is  Yodh. 

2.  Ayin  Vav  and  Ayin  Yodh  verbs,  or  those  whose 
second  radical  is  Vav  or  Yodh. 

3.  Lamedh  Aleph  verbs,  or  those  whose  third  radical  is 
Alepli. 

4.  Lamedh  He  verbs,  or  those  in  wliich  He  takes  the 
place  of  the  thud  radical. 

These  names,  like  those  of  the  verbal  species,  §  24,  are 
derived  from  the  verb  ^?&  to  do ;  a  Pe  Guttural  verb  is  one 
which  has  a  guttural  in  that  place  Avhich  Pe  occupies  in  b>'3 , 
that  is,  as  its  first  radical ;  and  so  with  the  rest. 

§  30.    Guttural  Verbs. 

Gutturals  have  the  four  foUoAving  peculiarities  : 

1 .  They  prefer  the  vowel  Pattahh. 

2.  They  receive  Pattahh-furtive. 

3.  They  take  compound  in  preference  to  simple  ShVa. 

4.  They  do  not  admit  Daghesh-forte. 

Resh  shares  the  last  peculiarity,  but  partakes  of  the 
others  only  in  a  very  limited  degree. 


18  ETYMOLOGY.  §§31,32. 

§  31.  Pe  Guttural  Verbs,  see  VI,  G.  pp.  147,  148. 

Hliirik  of  the  prcformative  is  changed  to  Pattahh  or  Se- 
ghol ;  to  the  latter  chiefly  in  those  parts  or  tenses  in  which 
the  second  radical  has  prevailingly  a. 

For  simple  Sh'va  the  guttural  takes  compound,  either 
Hhateph-Pattahli,  or  a  Hhateph  conformed  to  the  preceding 
short  vowel.  Before  a  vowelless  letter  this  compound  ShVa 
becomes  a  short  vowel  in  an  intermediate  syllable. 

Upon  the  omission  of  Daghesh-forte  in  the  infinitive  fu- 
ture and  imperative  Niphal,  the  precedhig  Hhirik  is  length- 
ened to  Tsere. 

A  few  verbs,  whose  first  radical  is  i5,  receive  Hholem  in 
the  first  syllable  of  the  Kal  future,  the  second  vowel  being 
Pattahh  or  Tsere.  This  is  called  the  Pe  Aleph  (xb)  mode  of 
inflection. 


§  32.  Ayin  Guttural  Verbs,  see  VII,  G.  p.  155. 

The  vowel  following  the  guttural  is  converted  into  Pat- 
tahh in  the  future  and  imperative  Kal  and  in  the  feminine 
plurals  of  the  future  and  imperative  in  the  other  species. 

When  the  second  radical  should  receive  simple  ShVa,  it 
takes  Hhateph-Pattahh  instead  ;  and  to  this  the  new  vowel 
formed  from  Sh'va  in  the  feminine  singular  and  masculine 
plural  of  the  imperative  is  assimilated. 

Daghesh-forte  is  always  omitted  from  the  second  radical 
in  Picl,  Pual,  and  Hithpael,  in  which  case  the  preceding 
vowel  may  remain  short  in  an  intermediate  syllable,  or  Hhi- 
rik may  be  lengthened  to  Tsere,  Pattahh  to  Kamcts,  and 
Kibbuts  to  Hholem. 


§§  33,  3-1.  LAMEDII    GUTTIJUAL    VERBS.  19 

§  33.  Lamedh  Guttural  Verbs,  see  VIII,  G.  p.  160. 

The  vowel  preceding  the  thh'd  radical  becomes  Pattahh 
in  the  future  and  imperative  Kal  and  in  the  feminine  plurals 
of  the  future  and  imperative  in  the  other  species. 

Tsere  preceding  the  third  radical  may  either  be  changed 
to  Pattahh  or  retained  ;  in  the  latter  case,  the  guttural  takes 
Pattahh-furtive. 

Hhirik,  Hholem  (of  the  infinitive),  and  Shm'ek  suffer  no 
change  before  the  final  guttural  which  receives  a  Pattahh- 
furtive. 

The  guttural  retains  the  simple  Sh'va  of  the  perfect  verb 
before  personal  terminations  beginning  with  a  consonant, 
though  compound  Sh'va  is  used  before  suffixes. 

When,  however,  a  personal  affix  consists  of  a  single  vow- 
elless  letter,  as  in  the  second  feminine  singular  of  the  pre- 
terite, the  guttural  receives  a  Pattahh-furtive. 

§  34.  Fe  Nun  (ss)  Verbs,  see  IX,  G.  p.  164. 

Nun,  as  the  first  radical  of  verbs,  has  two  pecuharities, 
viz.  : 

1.  At  the  end  of  syllables  it  is  commonly  assimilated  to 
the  following  consonant,  the  two  letters  being  WTitten  as  one, 
and  the  doubling  indicated  by  Daghesh-forte.  In  the  Ho- 
phal  Kamets-Hhatuph  becomes  Kibbuts  before  the  doubled 
letter. 

2.  In  the  Kal  imperative  with  Pattahh  it  is  frequently 
dropped,  its  sound  being  easily  lost  at  the  beginning  of  a  syl- 
lable when  it  is  without  a  vowel.  A  like  rejection  occurs  in 
the  Kal  infinitive  construct  of  a  few  verbs,  the  abbreviation 
being  in  this  case  compensated  by  adding  the  feminine  ter- 
mination n. 

■jnj  assimilates  its  last  as  well  as  its  first  radical. 
rjpb  has  the  pecuharities  of  Pe  Nun  verbs. 


20  •  j:tymology.  §  35. 

§  35.  AijU  Douhled  i^vi)  Verbs,  see  X,  G.  pp.  170, 171. 

In  the  Kal,  Niphal,  Iliphil,  and  Hoplial  the  repetition  of 
the  same  sonncl  is  avoided  by  vniiting  the  two  similar  radi- 
cals and  giving  the  intervening  vowel  to  the  previous  letter, 
thns  :  30  for  nno  ,  nb  for  nno . 

In  the  Kal  this  contraction  is  optional  in  the  preterite ; 
it  is  rare  in  the  infinitive  absolute  though  usual  in  the  con- 
struct, and  it  never  occurs  in  the  participles.  With  these 
exceptions  it  is  universal  in  the  species  already  named. 

Tliis  contraction  produces  certain  changes  both  in  the 
vowel,  which  is  thrown  back,  and  in  that  of  the  preceding 
syllalde. 

1.  When  the  first  radical  has  a  vowel  (pretonic  Kamets) 
this  is  simply  displaced  by  the  vowel  of  the  second  radical, 
nno ,  no  •  nhsn ,  nibn . 

2.  When  the  first  radical  ends  a  mixed  syllable,  this  will 
become  simple  upon  the  shifting  of  the  vowel  from  the  second 
radical  to  the  first.  Then  a  Daghesh-forte  may  be  given  to 
the  first  radical  in  order  to  preserve  the  preceding  short 
vowel,  or  the  preformative  may  take  the  simplest  of  the  long- 
vowels  c2,  or  its  previous  vowel  may  be  lengthened  from 
Hliirik  to  Tsere,  Pattahh  to  Kamets,  and  Kamets-Hhatuph 
to  Shurek,  thus  :  nsD^  becomes  no^'  or  nb^ ,  and  "^b"'??  "i"^!! . 

3.  The  vowel,  which  has  been  thrown  back,  is  com- 
pressed as  vowels  usually  are  before  two  consonants.  Thus 
in  the  Niphal  future  and  imperative,  niS';' ,  i&? ;  ^4?»7 ,  ^^H 
(comp.  biap,  pbtbp?) ;  in  the  Hiphil,  =i^5?n,  ^k^  (comp.  b^i?)::), 
n:bbpn). 

Although  the  letter,  into  which  the  second  and  third 
radicals  have  been  contracted,  represents  two  consonants,  the 
doubling  cannot  be  made  to  appear  at  the  end  of  the  word. 
But, 

] .  When  in  the  course  of  inflection  a  vowel  is  added,  the 
letter  receives  Daghesh-forte  and  the  preceding  vowel,  even 


§  36.  PE    YODII    VERBS.  21 

where  it  would  be  dropped  in  perfect  verbs,  is  retained  to 
make  the  doubling  possible,  and  hence  preserves  its  accent, 

T     -     ?  T 

2.  Upon  the  addition  of  a  personal  ending  which  begins 
with  a  consonant,  the  utterance  of  the  doubled  letter  is  aided 
by  inserting  o  (i)  in  the  preterite,  and  e  C'..)  in  the  future. 
By  the  dissyllabic  appendage  thus  formed  the  accent  is  car- 
ried forward,  and  the  previous  part  of  the  word  is  shortened 
in   consequence   as   much   as   possible,  noJi ,   tniapn ;    no^ , 

T     V  \    : 

3.  When,  by  the  operation  of  a  rule  already  given,  the 
first  radical  has  been  doubled,  the  reduplication  of  the  last 
radical  is  frequently  omitted  in  order  to  relieve  the  word  of 
too  many  doubled  letters,  "^n©^ ,  njnibn  . 

The  Piel,  Pual,  and  Hitlipael  sometimes  preserve  the  per- 
fect forms,  sometimes  reduplicate  the  contracted  root,  as 
tjDDD ,  bpbj^nn ,  and  sometimes  give  up  the  reduplication  alto- 
gether and  insert  the  long  vowel  Hholem  after  the  first  radi- 
cal, nnio ,  b%m . 

In  the  Kal  and  Hiphil  futures,  when  the  penult  is  a  sim- 
ple syllable,  the  accent  is  drawn  back  by  Vav  Conversive  and 
the  vowel  of  the  ultimate  is  shortened,  ^o^ ,  no^  ;  np^,  noh . 

§  36.  Fe  Yodh  (^s)  Verbs,  see  XII,  G.  p.  179. 

The  first  radical  is  mostly  Yodh  at  the  beginning,  and 
Vav  at  the  close,  of  a  syllable. 

In  the  Kal  future,  if  Yodh  be  retained  it  will  quiesce  in 
and  prolong  the  previous  Hhirik,  and  the  second  radical  will 
take  Pattahh,  e.  g.  '^%^") ;  if  the  first  radical  be  rejected  the 
previous  Hhirik  is  commonly  lengthened  to  Tsere,  'ig;? ,  the 
Pattahh  of  the  second  syllable  being  sometimes  changed  to 
Tsere  to  correspond  with  it,  iffi*^  ;  in  a  few  instances  Hhirik 
is  preserved  by  giving  Daghesh-forte  to  the  second  radical  as 
in  Pe  Nun  verbs,  "r^k^.  ,  pi? . 


22  ETYMOLOGY.  §  37. 

Those  verbs  which  reject  Yoclh  in  the  Kal  future,  reject  it 
Kkevvise  in  the  imperative  and  infinitive  construct,  the  infini- 
tive being  prolonged  as  in  Pe  Nun  verbs  by  the  feminine 
termination. 

In  the  Niphal  preterite  and  participle,  Vav  quiesces  in  its 
homogeneous  vowel  liholem ;  in  the  infinitive,  future,  and 
imperative,  Avhere  it  is  doubled,  it  retains  its  consonantal 
character. 

In  the  Hiphil,  Vav  quiesces  in  Hholem ;  a  few  verbs  have 
Yodh  quiescing  in  Tsere,  n'^b'^n ,  n^t:''.';' ;  more  rarely  still  the 
first  radical  is  dropped  and  the  preceding  short  vowel  is  pre- 
served by  doubling  the  second  radical,  ^^^^ ,  ^^k"} . 

In  the  Hophal,  Vav  quiesces  in  Shurek ;  occasionally  the 
short  vowel  is  preserved  and  Daghesh  inserted  in  the  second 
radical,  ^k^ . 

In  the  Hithpael  the  first  radical  is  commonly  Yodh,  but 
a  few  verbs  have  Vav. 

^  37.  J7/{?t  Vav  {^i>)  and  Ayiii  Yodh  i^b)  Verbs,  see  XI,  G. 

pp.  186,  187. 

1 .  The  quiescent  may  be  rejected  and  its  vowel  given  to 
the  preceding  radical.  So  in  the  Kal  preterite  :  Dp  for  DiJ^, 
where  d  is  in  partial  compensation  for  the  contraction,  tifi  for 
TT\yi .  Active  participle  d;^  for  dijp,  ™  for  t^j'a,  the  ordinary 
participial  form  being  superseded  by  that  of  another  verbal 
derivative.  Hiphil  and  Hophal :  d'^pin  for  D^ijpn ,  D'lp;'  for 
D'^^i)?!' ,  Gp^'^  for  Dlf?v^,  the  short  vowel  of  the  prefix  being  pro- 
longed in  a  simple  syllable. 

2.  Or  it  may  be  converted  into  its  homogeneous  vowel 
u  or  i,  Dip,  I'^'i ;  Dip;*,  ^'^"1^,  the  prefix  usually  taking  the 
simplest  of  the  long  vowels,  a, ;  u  combined  with  a  preceding 
or  accompanying  a  forms  D,  Kal  abs.  infin.  Dip  =r  /caum, 
Niphal  Dips  for  Dip? . 

3.  In  the  first  and  second  pei-sons  of  the  Niphal  and 
Hiphil  preterites,  o  ( i )  is  inserted  before  the  affixed  termina- 


§   38,  39.  LAMEDll    ALEPH    AND    HE    VERBS'.  23 

tions,  and  sometimes  c  C"..)  in  the  feminine  plumls  of  the  Kal 
future.  In  the  Niphal  preterite,  when  the  inserted  i  receives 
the  accent,  the  preceding  i  is  for  euphony  changed  to  ^ . 

4.  In  the  Kal  and  Hiphil  species  the  apocopated  future 
takes  o  and  e  in  distinction  from  the  ordinary  future,  which 
has  u  and  f,  nif;';' ,  nij;" .  With  Vav  Conversive  the  accent  is 
drawn  back  to  the  simple  penult,  and  the  vowel  of  the  last 
syllable  is  shortened,  m?'^!!,  nt?'^l. 

In  the  Piel,  Pual,  and  Hithpael,  the  form  of  perfect  verbs 
is  rarely  adopted,  the  second  radical  appearing  as  1,  e.  g.  1?.^, 
or  as  '^j  e.  g.  D!^p. 

Commonly  the  third  radical  is  reduplicated  instead  of  the 
second,  which  then  quiesces  in  Hholem,  Pi.  Q^aip,  Pu.  Q^ip, 
Hith.  oiiK'S^. 

Sometimes  the  quiescent  letter  is  omitted  from  the  root, 
and  the  resulting  biliteral  is  reduplicated,  Pi.  b^bs,  Pu.  bsbs. 

§  38.  Lamed/i  Aleph  {^^)  Verbs,  see  XIII,  G.  p.  193. 

Aleph,  as  the  third  radical  of  verbs,  retains  its  consonantal 
character  only  when  it  stands  at  the  beginning  of  a  syllable. 

At  the 'end  of  the  word  it  invariably  quiesces  in  the 
preceding  vowel,  and  if  this  be  Pattahh,  it  is  lengthened  to 
Kamets ;  so  always  in  the  Kal  future  and  imperative,  where 
K  as  a  guttural  requires  a,  ^isio';^  for  ^Vi^, . 

Before  syllabic  affixes  «  quiesces  in  Kamets  in  the  Kal 
preterite  1^K?'59,  except  in  those  words  which  have  Tsere  as 
their  proper  vowel,  1^^^"}^  In  the  preterites  of  the  derivative 
species  it  quiesces  in  Tsere,  and  in  all  futures  and  impera- 
tives in  Seo-hol. 


%  39.  Lamedh  He  (n"b)  Verls,  see  XIV,  G.  pp.  198,  199. 

The  third  radical,  which  is  Yodh  or  Vav,  does  not  appear 
at  the  end  of  the  word  except  in  the  Kal  passive  participle 


24  •  ETYMOLOGY.  §  40. 

^^% ;  in  all  other  cases  it  is  rejected  or  softened,  the  resulting 
vowel  termination  being  usually  expressed  by  the  letter  n. 

The  various  preterites  end  in  n^ . 

The  futures  and  participles  in  n... 

The  imperatives  in  n.. . 

The  absolute  infinitives  in  !t  or  n.. . 

The  construct  infinitives  have  the  feminine  ending  ni . 

Before  personal  endmgs  beginning  with  a  vowel,  the  last 
radical  (though  occasionally  retained  in  prolonged  and  pausal 
forms  ^"'gn),  is  commonly  rejected,  and  its  vowel  given  to  the 
antecedent  consonant,  ^^J  for  ^^^5  . 

Before  personal  endings  beginning  with  a  consonant  the 
radical  ^  remains  and  quiesces  in  either  Hhirik  or  Tsere  in 
the  preterites  and  in  Seghol  in  the  futures  and  imperatives. 

The  third  person  feminine  of  the  preterites  retains  the  pri- 
mary characteristic  n^,  t^'ji?,  which  is  commonly  softened  by 
an  appended  n^ ,  nnbj . 

Forms  not  augmented  by  personal  endings  lose  thoir  final 
vowel  before  suffixes,  e.  g.  ^^%j  ^)i  from  n^j.  The  preterite 
3  fern,  takes  its  simple  form,  e.  g.  "^nn^j  or  '^'pi^ . 

The  final  vowel  n..  is  rejected  from  the  futures  wlien 
apocopated,  or  when  preceded  by  Vav  Conversive,  e.  g.  bi^, 
bi^n  from  T\h"^ .  The  concurrence  of  final  consonants  thence 
resulting  in  the  Kal  and  Hiphil  is  commonly  relieved  by  in- 
serting an  unaccented  Seghol  between  them,  Kal,  b^p  or  bj"?. 
from  n^.):' ;  Hiph.  "^^ ,  bj^.l  from  nS.);) . 

The  final  vowel  n..  is  sometimes  rejected  from  the  imper- 
ative in  the  Piel,  Hiphil,  and  Hithpael  species,  e.  g.  %  for 
^h,  ^^^T}  for  nbi^n,  bhnn  for  rrkm 

•rjn  to  he,  fut.  riV*';' ,  npoc.  Ti^ ,  part.  nh"n . 

Tm  to  live,  fut.  n"Jn7 ,  apoc.  '^ri;' . 

§  40.  BoubJ//  Imperfect  Verbs. 

Verbs  which  have  two  weak  letters  in  the  root,  or  which 
are  so  constituted  as  to  belong  to  two  different  classes  of  im- 


^  41,  42.  UNUSUAL    FORMS.  25 

perfect  verbs,  commonly  exhibit  tlie  peculiarities  of  both,  mi- 
less  they  interfere  with  or  limit  one  another.  Thus,  a  verb 
which  is  both  ^'b  and  Tib  will  follow  the  analogy  of  both  para- 
digms, the  former  in  its  first,  and  the  latter  in  its  second 
syllable.  But  in  verbs  which  are  both  lb  and  Ji"5 ,  the  1  is 
invariably  treated  as  a  perfect  consonant,  and  the  ti'b  pecu- 
liarities are  alone  preserved, 

§  41.  Umtsual  Forms. 

Verbs  belonging  to  one  class  of  imperfect  verbs  occasion- 
ally adopt  forms  from  another  and  closely  related  class. 
Thus,  a  ^b  verb  may  appear  with  a  T\b  form,  or  an  13?  verb 
with  an  i'^  form,  or  vice  versa. 

A  few  verbs  of  different  classes  adopt  the  peculiar  ^'"P  or 
lb  modes  of  forming  the  Piel,  Pual,  and  Hithpael,  inserting 
the  vowel  o  instead  of  the  usual  reduplication,  e.  g.  t^niJJ  and 
tl3iiij ,  Piels  of  cni?  ,  'lio^jnf  and  ^^nT}":  from  tn,  or  doubling 
the  third  radical  in  place  of  the  second,  e.  g.  1??*^ ,  bbiz'i^ , 
tr\)^)_  ( =  nii^j)  from  nb  ( ==  ikj),  ninnirn  (fut.  fii^nT?:^ ,  with 
Vav.  Conv.  ^^fei?!^])  from  "rh"^ ,  or  reduplicating  an  entire  syl- 
lable, e.  g.  ^^'i^n,  ^mno. 

A  very  few  instances  occur  of  what  may  be  called  com- 
pound species ;  thus,  Niphal  of  Pual  'i^^iljj ,  Niphal  of  Hith- 
pael ^"^tSllp  ,  "1S23D  ,  J  njniBD . 

^42.   Qtiadrilitercd  Verbs. 

The  number  of  quadriliteral  verbs  is  very  small.  Some 
adopt  the  voAvels  and  inflections  of  the  Piel  and  Pual  species, 
while  others  foUoAV  the  Hiphil. 


26  etymology.  §§  43,  44. 

Nouns. 

^43.  Gender  and  Number. 

Nouns  in  Hebrew  are  of  two  genders,  masculine  and 
feminine.  The  masculine  has  no  characteristic  termination ; 
the  feminine  ends  in  n^  or  ti . 

There  are  three  numbers,  the  singular,  dual,  and  plural. 

The  plm^al  of  masculine  nouns  ends  in  d''. ,  or  more  rarely 
"}*>. ,  and  that  of  feminine  nouns  in  Jni . 

It  is  to  be  observed,  however,  that  a  number  of  feminine 
nouns  lack  the  characteristic  ending  in  the  singular.  Also 
that  some  masculine  nouns  take  tii  in  the  plural,  some  femi- 
nines  take  D"^.  ,  and  some  of  each  gender  take  indifferently 
D^ .  or  ni . 

The  dual  is  restricted  for  the  most  part  to  the  names  of 
objects  occurring  in  pairs.  It  ends  in  d\  in  nouns  of  both 
genders. 

%  44.   Feminine,  Dual,  and  Plural,  see  XV,  G.  pp. 

246,  247. 

The  following  changes  result  from  appending  those  ter- 
minations to  nouns. 

I.  The  feminine  ending  n . 

1.  If  the  ultimate  is  simple  there  is  no  change. 

2.  If  the  ultimate  is  mixed,  a  Segholate  form  is  adopted, 
i.  e.  an  unaccented  Seghol,  or,  if  the  last  letter  be  a  guttural, 
Pattahh  is  inserted  before  the  termination.  • 

II.  The  feminine  n^ ,  the  plural  D''.  or  tii,  and  the 
dual  D^  . 

In  a  mixed  ultimate, 

1.  Tsere  is  rejected  except  from  monosyllables,  or  when 
the  preceding  voAvel  is  a  pretonic  Kamets.  Other  vowels 
suffer  no  change. 


^^45,46.  FEMININE    NOUNS.  27 

2.  The  final  letter  is  doubled  in  nouns  from  contracted 
S'b  roots,  in  those  in  which  consonants  concurring  at  the  end 
have  coalesced,  and  in  a  few  others. 

3.  Segholates,  i.  e.  nouns  with  an  unaccented  vowel  in 
the  ultimate,  resume  their  primary  monosyllabic  form  before 
the  feminine  ending  n^  ;  in  the  plural,  and  occasionally  in 
the  dual,  they  receive  pretonic  Kamets,  and  the  original 
vowel  of  the  monosyllable  falls  away. 

In  a  simple  ultimate, 

1.  n..  is  rejected. 

2.  '^.  becomes  tij.  ,  U^\  or  D"".  ,  W.  . 
In  the  penult, 

Kamets  and  Tsere  are  rejected,  except  from  nouns  in  ?i.. . 


§  45,  lu  Feminine  Nouns. 

Feminine  nouns  in  n^ ,  if  derived  from  Segholates,  §  44, 
insert  pretonic  Kamets  in  the  plural,  and  drop  their  original 
voAvel ;  if  not,  they  simply  substitute  the  plural  for  the  sin- 
gular ending. 

Feminine  nouns  in  tn..  substitute  the  plural  for  the  singu- 
lar ending,  and  either  reject  the  preceding  vowel,  or  restore 
it  to  what  it  would  have  been,  if  n..  had  not  been  appended. 
Nouns  in  ln">    and  til  take  tii\  and  lii^  . 


§  46.   Construct  State. 

When  one  noun  stands  in  a  relation  of  dependence  on 
another,  the  first  is  put  in  the  construct  state.  A  noun 
which  is  not  so  related  to  a  following  one,  is  said  to  be  in  the 
absolute  state.  Thus,  ^^^  tvord,  is  in  the  absolute  state  ;  but 
in  the  expression  ^';^n  ">^^  the  word  of  the  king,  ^V\  is  in  the 
construct  state. 

The  construct  is  a  shortened  form,  the  speaker  naturally 


28  ETYMOLOGY.  §§  47-49. 

hastening  forward  from  tlie  first  noun  to  the  second,  which 
is  necessary  to  complete  the  idea. 

§  47.  Its  Formation,  see  XV,  G.  pp.  246,  247. 

The  following  changes  occm^  in  the  formation  of  the 
construct : 

1.  The  feminine  n^  becomes  ti. ;  the  dual  D^",  and  the 
plural  D"^.  become  ''. . 

2.  In  a  mixed  ultimate  Kamets  is  shortened  to  Pattahh ; 
so  is  Tsere  when  preceded  by  pretonic  Kamets. 

3.  Medial  1  and  ^  commonly  quiesce  in  Hholem  and 
Tsere  in  the  construct ;  so,  frequently,  in  the  absolute  dual 
and  plural,  and  before  suffixes  ;  final  ^_  becomes  ''.. . 

4.  In  a  simple  ultimate  n..  becomes  n. . 

5.  Kamets  and  Tsere  are  rejected  fi:om  the  syllable  pre- 
ceding the  accent ;  and,  if  this  occasions  a  concurrence  of 
vowelless  consonants,  a  short  vowel  is  inserted  between  them. 


§  48.    Faragogic  Voioels. 

The  unaccented  vowel  n^  added  to  nouns  indicates  mo- 
tion or  direction  toAvards  a  place,  whence  it  is  called  He 
directive  or  He  local. 

Paragogic  '^. ,  i  or  n^  are  sometimes  appended  to  nouns 
without  affecting  the  sense. 

§  49.  Nouns  with  Suffixes. 

The  pronominal  suffixes  are  appended  to  nouns  in  the 
sense  of  possessive  pronouns. 

The  forms  which  they  assume  when  attached  to  singular 
nouns,  or  combined  with  ^ ..  of  nouns  in  the  dual  and  plural, 
are  shown  in  Table  XVI,  G.  p.  254. 

I.  Before  the  grave  suffixes  (viz. :  DD ,  "JD ,  Dn ,  "jn). 


§  50.  IRREGULAR   NOUNS.  29 

Nouns  of  both  genders  and  of  all.  numbers  take  the  form 
of  the  construct. 

II V  Before  the  Hght  suffixes, 

1.  Singular  or  plural  nouns  with  a  feminine  ending  adopt 
the  construct  form,  only  in_  is  changed  to  fi,  . 

2.  Singular  or  plural  nouns  not  having  a  feminine  end- 
ing adopt  the  same  form  as  before  the  absolute  plural  ter- 
mination. 

3.  Dual  nouns  retain  the  form  which  they  have  before 
the  absolute  dual  termination. 

III.  Before  all  suffixes,  grave  or  light, 

1.  Segholate  nouns  in  the  singular  revert  to  their  mono- 
syllabic form,  as  before  the  feminine  ending  n^  . 

2.  Pinal  letters,  which  are  doubled  in  the  plural,  or  in 
which  two  consonants  have  coalesced,  are  doubled. 

3.  Final  n..  is  dropped. 

§  50.  Irregular  Nouns. 

The  following  nouns  of  frequent  occurrence  are  irregular 
in  the  plural : 

TlJ'^k  man  '  plur.  D'^faiit  rarely  ^^^W"^ 

r\^)^  woman,  const.  ™s  plur.      D'ifcj 

n'bsj  maidservant  plur.  ^i»il2i5 

ri;^i  house  plur.     D'lpa 

1^1  son  plm\      D'^sa 

T\%  daugJtter,  suf.  ''nin    plm\     riiba 

Di*^  day  plur.      D^^bj  rarely  f^i^J 

n^^  citi/  plur.     D'^n?  once   n^n;;'? 

m\  head  plur.  W^insry 

The  nouns  S^  father,  Hi}  brother,  and  !i|  mouth,  take 
the  vowel ''.  in  the  construct  and  before  suffixes,  e.  g.  const. 
^ii? ,  suf.  ^n« ,  iTj^nij . 


30  ETYMOLOGY.  §§  51-53. 

§  51.  Numerals,  see  XVII,  G.  pp.  255-258. 

The  cardinals  from  tliree  to  ten  are  in  form  of  the  sinc-u- 
lar  number,  and  have  a  feminine  termination  when  joined  to 
mascnhne  nouns^  but  omit  it  when  joined  to  feminine  nouns. 

The  tens  are  formed  by  adding  the  masculine  plural 
termination  to  the  units,  D'^'^i)^?  twenty  being,  however,  de- 
rived not  from  two  but  from  ten  "^i^i? . 

There  are  no  distinct  forms  for  ordinals  above  ten,  the 
cardinal  numbers  being  used  instead. 

Fractional  parts  are  expressed  by  the  feminine  ordinals, 
as  well  as  by  special  terms. 

§  52.  Prefixed  Particles. 

Particles  of  one  letter  are  prefixed  to  the  following  word, 
and  their  vowels  are  regulated  by  its  initial  consonant. 

This  is  the  case  with  the  definite  article  *  v}  the,  the  sign 
of  interrogation  Ji,  the  inseparable  prepositions  S  in^  3  ac- 
cording to,  ^  to,  •  "52  an  abbreviation  of  ^j^  from,  and  the  con- 
junction 1  and ;  see  XVIII,  G.  pp.  258-2G3. 

After  the  prepositions  i ,  3 ,  b ,  the  letter  n  of  the  article 
is  generally  dropped,  and  its  vowel  given  to  the  preposi- 
tion. The  initial  n  of  the  Hiphil  and  Niphal  infinitives  is 
occasionally  rejected  in  like  manner. 

Initial  i^  sometimes  quiesces  after  the  inseparable  prepo- 
sitions and  Vav  Conjunctive,  ''^^55  for  '^inxa,  nrs^b  for  "i'^^*^, 
in'bxi  for  ''n'bi^i . 

Before  suffixes  d  assumes  the  syllable  i"'^  and  'J'a  redu- 
plicates itself,  see-XVIII,  G.  p.  262. 

§  53.  Sejjarate  Particles. 

The  longer  particles,  whether  adverbs,  prepositions,  con- 
•  junctions,  or  interjections,  are  written  as  separate  words. 


^  53.  SEPARATE    PARTICLES.  31 

The  prepositions  "in^  after,  "b^  to,  n:?  unto,  b^_  upon,  and 
Mi^r)  under,  assume  before  suffixes  the  form  of  nouns  in  the 
masculine  pbral,  e.  g.  ^^T^y^.,  ^""^^jj ;  ^k  between,  adopts 
sometimes  a  singular,  sometimes  a  masculine  plural,  and 
sometimes  a  feminine  pku'al  form,  ir:n  and  l^'b''^,  ^-"^^^ 
and  ^5^ni3^5. 

The  preposition  n^  loith,  commonly  becomes  T\^  before 
suffixes,  e.  g.  "^jnii^ ,  dini? ,  and  is  thus  distinguished  from  m^^ 
the  sign  of  the  definite  object,  which  becomes  ^155 ,  or  before 
grave  suffixes,  tiij ,  e.  g.  ""rii^ ,  Dsriij . 


SYNTAX. 

§  54.  The  Cojmla, 

The  predicate  of  a  sentence,  if  a  substantive,  adjective,  or 
pronoun,  may  be  directly  connected  with  its  subject  without 
an  intervening  copula,  Ql^?  n'^nin'^riS-bD  all  her  paths  (are) 

j)eace^  f  ^T  ^"^^  ^^^^  ^^'^^  (was)  good. 

Or  the  verb  n':;n  to  he,  or  the  pronoun  )^^  of  the  third 
person,  may  be  used  as  a  copula,  ^nh  nn^n  "fl^iJO  ^/^^  ^^r/^ 
was  desolate,  t^'t'S  i<^n  '^i^'^n'in  insn  the  fourth  river  is  Euphrates. 

§  55.  :7%^  Article. 

The  article  is  used  in  Hebrew  as  in  English  to  distinguish 
an  object  as  one  which '  has  been  mentioned  before,  as  well 
known,  as  the  only  one  of  its  class,  or  as  distinguished  above 
others  of  like  kind. 

It  is  also  prefixed  to  nouns  employed  in  a  generic  or  uni- 
versal sense,  isijn  gold,  S^^^nn  wisdom.  So  in  comparisons, 
li??  as  a  (lit.  the)  nest,  Isa.  10  :  14. 

It  is  likewise  found  in  some  cases  where  the  English  idiom 
requires  a  word  still  more  specific,  as  a  possessive  pronoun : 
she  took  5:]''2?2in  the  veil.  Gen.  24  :  65,  i.  e.  the  one  which  she 
had,  her  veil ;  or  a  demonstrative,  as  before  words  denoting 
time,  Di^n  to-day,  riji^n  tlds  year ;  or  the  sign  of  the  voca- 
tive, tjbian  0  Uny  I 

§  56.  Nouns  definite  icithout  the  Article. 
The  following  are  definite  without  the  article : 


§^  57-59.  ADJECTIVES.  33 

1.  Proper  nouns,  which  only  receive  it  if  they  were  ori- 
ginally appellatives. 

2.  Nouns  with  pronominal  suffixes. 

3.  Nouns  in  the  construct  state  before  a  definite  noun. 
The  article  is  often  omitted  in  poetry  where  it  would  be 

required  in  prose. 

§  57.  Adjectives. 

Both  qualifying  and  predicate  adjectives  agree  in  gender 
and  number  with  the  nouns  to  v/hich  they  belong. 

Qualifying  adjectives  usually  stand  after  the  noun  and 
agree  with  it  likewise  in  definiteness,  that  is  to  say,  if  the 
noun  is  made  definite  whether  by  the  article  or  in  any  of  the 
waj^s  specified  in  the  preceding  section,  they  receive  the  arti- 
cle. Din  ]%  a  ivise  son,  nniton  f"i^*n  the  good  land. 

Predicate  adjectives  commonly  stand  before  the  noun, 
and  do  not  take  the  article,  even  though  the  noun  is  definite, 
^3'^n  nib  the  loord  is  good. 

§  58.  Demonstrative  Fronouns, 

Demonstrative  pronouns  follow  the  same  rule  of  position 
and  agreement,  only  the  nouns  which  they  qualify  are  inva- 
riably definite,  n^Kn  D^^^^n  these  things,  D^^n'^n  n|i5  these 
are  the  tilings. 

If  both  an  adjective  and  a  demonstrative  quahfy  the  same 
noun,  the  demonstrative  is  placed  last^  fii^tn  nnir^n  f"iKn  this 
good  land. 

§  59.   Comparison  of  Adjectives. 

Comparison  is  expressed  by  means  of  the  preposition  1^ 
from,  placed  after  the  adjective  or  other  word  expressive  of 
quality,  D'^b^ss^  n^DH  nhiD  loisdom  is  better  than  rubies,  ht. 
is  good  from  rubies ;  ^wi  bky^_  I  will  be  greater  than  thou. 


34  SYNTAX.  H  ^0>  ^1- 

The  superlative  degree  may  be  expressed, 

1.  By  adding  ^^  all  to  the  comparative  particle  l^p, 
D'lp-'^.ra-bs^a  binj  greatest  of  all  the  sons  of  the  east,  lit.  great 
from  all,  etc. 

2.  By  an  emphatic  use  of  the  positive,  so  as  to  imply  the 
possession  of  the  attribute  in  an  eminent  degree,  D'^iSf^  J^^jn 
0  fairest  among  toomen,  lit.  the  fair  one,  etc. 

§  60.  Numerals. 

The  cardinal  ^n«  c;^^  and  the  ordinal  numbers  are  treated 
like  other  adjectives,  and  follow  the  rules  of  position  and 
agreement  already  given. 

The  other  cardinals  may  stand, 

1 .  In  the  absolute  state  before  the  noun  to  which  they 
belong. 

2.  Before  it  in  the  construct  state  (if  they  have  such  a 
form). 

3.  After  it  in  the  absolute  state. 

Nouns  accompanied  by  the  cardinals  from  2  to  1 0  are 
almost  invariably  plural,  while  those  which  are  preceded  by 
the  tens  (20-90)  or  numbers  compounded  with  tliem  (21,  etc.) 
are  commonly  put  m  the  singular,  D'li©  s^niri  n;©  D^'i©:? 
twenty  years  and  seven  years. 

The  cardinals  above  one  may  receive  the  article  when  the 
noun  is  not  expressed,  but  not  when  joined  to  a  definite  noun, 
D-^in^s^n  the  forty,  Di'^n  D^3??^s*  the  forty  days. 

§  61.  Apposition. 

One  noun  may  be  in  apposition  with  another,  not  only 
when  both  denote  the  same  person  or  thing,  but  also  when 
the  second  specifies  the  first  by  stating  the  material  of  which 
it  consists,  its  quaUty,  character,  or  the  like,  ricnsn  "ij^an  the 
oxen  the  brass,  i.  e.  the  brazen  oxen ;  ITQ^  D^'i^D  "^  =  l^f^^'^^ 
measures  (consisting  of)  meal. 


^§  62,  63.  THE    CONSTRUCT    STATE.  35 

§  62.  The  Construct  State. 

When  one  noun  is  limited  in  its  meaning  by  another,  the 
first  is  put  in  the  construct  state.  The  relation  thus  ex- 
pressed corresponds  for  the  most  part  to  the  genitive  case,  or 
to  that  denoted  in  English  by  the  preposition  of. 

When  the  relation  between  two  nouns  is  expressed  by  a 
preposition,  the  first  commonly  remains  in  the  absolute  state ; 
it  may,  however,  especially  in  poetry,  be  put  in  the  construct, 
l^Sbiin  ^'Sri  mountains  in  Gilhoa. 

Nouns  are  sometimes  in  the  construct  before  a  succeeding 
clause  with  which  they  are  closely  connected ;  thus,  before  a 
relative  clause,  "niiJ^  Dipt)  the  place  ivhere,  etc.,  particularly 
when  the  relative  is  itself  omitted,  Jibirn-i^a  bi/  the  hand  of 
(him  whom)  thou  wilt  send;  and  even  before  the  copulative, 
t^TX)  t^^^n  loisdom  and  hioioledge. 

An  adjective,  participle,  or  demonstrative,  qualifying  a 
noun  in  the  construct  state,  cannot  foUow  it  immediately,  but 
must  be  placed  after  the  governed  noun,  bi'ijn  nin^  m'^?^  the 
great  work  of  Jehovah. 

An  article  or  suffix  belonging  to  a  noun  in  the  construct 
must  be  attached,  not  to  it,  but  to  the  governed  noun, 
b^riD  ^^^"^"^  the  mighty  men  of  valour,  inriT  ^^T^^..  his  idols  of 
gold. 

The  preposition  b  to,  belonging  to,  with  or  without  a  pre- 
ceding relative  pronoun,  may  be  substituted  for  the  construct 
relation  in  its  possessive  sense,  S^tO'^bisib  n^^in  the  house  of 
Elisha,  TOi?^  ^m  l^^n  her  father  s  sheep. 


§  63.  Tenses  of  Verbs. 

The  Hebrew  has  distinct  forms  of  the  verb  corresponding 
to  the  two  grand  divisions  of  time,  the  past  and  the  futm^e ; 
but  all  subordinate  modifications  or  shades  of  meaning  are 
either  suggested  by  accompanying  particles,  or  left  to  be  in- 


36  SYNTAX.  H  64,  65. 

ferrecl  from  the  connection.  Whatever  is  or  is  conceived  of 
as  past,  is  put  in  the  preterite ;  the  future  is  used  for  all  that 
is  or  is  conceived  of  as  future. 


§64.  The  Preterite. 

The  preterite  may  a^ccordingly  be  employed  to  denote, 

1.  The  past,  whether  it  be, 

a.  Absolute,  i.  e.  the  historical  imperfect,  God  i^^S 
created. 

b.  Relative  to  the  present,  i.  e.  the  perfect,  tohat  is  tJtis 
that  tn''p:j  thou  hast  done  ? 

c.  Rektive  to  another  past,  i.  e.  the  pluperfect,  God 
ended  his  work  which  Snp?  he  had  made. 

d.  Relative  to  a  future,  i.  e.  the  future  perfect,  he  shall 
he  called  holj/,  ivhen  the  Lord  f  n*!  shall  have  loashed,  etc. 

e.  Conditional,  except  the  Lord  had  left  a  remnant,  ^S'^'^.J^ 
we  shoidd  have  been  as  Sodom. 

f.  Optative,  ^snb'^b  0  that  tve  had  died. 

g.  Subjunctive,  tJJii^'i^  ']:?'ab  in  order  that  ye  mi(/htfear. 

2.  The  present,  regarded  as  a  continuation  of  the  past, 
^tfa^  L  am  thirsty,  prop.  L  have  been  and  still  am  thirsty. 

3.  General  truths,  embodying  the  experience  of  the  past, 
an  ox  "Syi  hioweth  his  owner,  oxen  always  have  done  so,  and 
always  will. 

4.  The  future,  when  described  by  the  prophets  as  though 
it  had  already  taken  place,  Babylon  nS&j  has  fallen. 

§  65.  The  Future, 

The  future  tense  is  used  in  speaking  of, 
1.  The  future,  whether  it  be, 
a.  Absolute,  npyjs^  /  loill  make. 

h.  Relative  to  a  past,  Elisha  loas  fallen  sick  of  his  sick^ 
ness,  wlbereof  tn^^a^  he  was  to  die. 


&  66.  THE    SECONDARY    TENSES.  37 

c.  Conditional,  dut  (if  it  were  my  case)  tD^^^  /  wotcid 
see/c  unto  God. 

d.  Optative,  expressing  desire,  determination,  permission, 
or  command,  so  ^1D2^'^  may  all  thine  enemies  perish ;  all  that 
thou  commandest  us,  ™5JJ  toe  loill  do ;  of  the  fruit  ^?t?52  we 
may  eat ;  mine  ordinances  ^.I'aisn  j^<?  shall  keejj. 

e.  Subjunctive,  ^l^'^?'^  I?^'?  ^^  order  that  my  soid  may 
bless  thee. 

2.  The  present,  when  it  is  conceived  of  as  extending  into 
the  future,  why  '^S^tn  loeepest  thou  ?  lit.  why  ivilt  thou  go  on 
to  toeep  ? 

3.  General  truths,  which  are  valid  for  all  time  to  come, 
righteousness  D'Jainp,  exalteth  a  nation,  it  does  so  now  and 
always  will. 

4.  Habitual  acts  or  states  continuing:  for  an  indefinite 
period  from  the  time  spoken  of,  thus  Job  nW|i  did  continu- 
ally, not  only  that  once,  but  thenceforward. 

5.  The  past,  in  animated  description,  as  we  use  the 
present,  then  "\^t")  sings  Moses. 

The  future  is  idiomatically  used  with  D^b  and  DT^^  not 
yet,  before,  whether  the  period  referred  to  is  past  or  future. 

The  apocopated  and  paragogic  forms  of  the  future  mostly 
have  a  conditional,  optative,  or  subjunctive  sense. 

The  negative  imperative  is  made  by  prefixing  bi5  not,  to 
the  apocopated  future,  ^5!''nn"b^  harm  not. 

^66.  The  Secondary  Tenses. 

When  a  future  with  Vav  Conversive  is  preceded  by  a  pre- 
terite, or  by  any  expression  referring  to  past  time,  it  becomes 
a  secondary  preterite.  And  a  preterite  with  Vav  Conversive 
preceded  by  a  future,  an  imperative,  or  any  expression  indi- 
cating future  time,  becomes  a  secondary  future. 

A  narrative  or  a  paragraph,  which  begins  with  one  of  the 
primary  tenses,  is  mostly  continued  by  means  of  the  corre- 


38  SYNTAX.  HC7,68. 

sponding  secondary  tense,  provided  the  verb  stands  at  the 
beginning  of  its  clause.  If  for  any  reason  this  order  of  the 
words  is  interrupted  or  prevented,  the  primary  tense  must 
asain  be  used. 


§  C7.  Farticijjics. 

1.  Participles  may  express  what  is  permanent  or  habitual, 
(the  Lord)  nni^  loveth  righteousness.  Passive  participles,  so 
used,  suggest  not  only  a  constant  experience,  but  a  fixed 
quality,  as  the  ground  of  it,  i^'iiD  not  o\A^  feared,  but  wortliy 
to  be  feared. 

2.  Active  participles  most  commonly  relate  to  the  pres- 
ent or  to  the  proximate  future,  and  passive  participles  to  the 
past. 

3.  In  narratives  and  predictions  the  time  of  the  partici- 
ples is  reckoned,  not  from  the  moment  of  speaking,  but  from 
the  period  spoken  of,  the  two  angels  came,  and  Lot  lii?'^  was 
sitting  in  the  gate  of  Sodom. 

§  68.  The  Infinitive. 

The  absolute  infinitive  may  be  used  for, 

1.  The  preterite  or  the  future,  when  one  of  those  tenses 
immediately  precedes. 

2.  The  imperative,  when  it  stands  at  the  beginning  of  a 
sentence. 

The  infinitive,  which  is  a  verbal  noun,  may  be  put  in  the 
construct  state  before  a  folloAving  noun,  whether  this  be  its 
subject  or  its  object.  The  construct  state  is  also  used  after 
nouns  or  prepositions,  and  sometimes  after  verbs. 

When  one  verb  is  dependent  upon  another,  it  is  some- 
times put,  not  in  the  infinitive,  but  in  the  same  tense  with 
the  governing  verb,  tjin  b^^in  he  was  ivilling,  he  ivalked,  for 
he  tvas  loilling  to  loalky  or  tcalked  wUlingly. 


^^  G9-71.  OBJECT    OP    VERBS,  39 

§  69.   Object  of  Verbs. 

The  object  of  a  transitive  verb,  if  a  definite  noun,  or  a 
pronoun,  may  be  preceded  by  the  particle  fix. 

The  subject  of  passive  verbs,  which  is  really  the  object 
of  their  action,  and  nouns  placed  absolutely,  occasionally  re- 
ceive n^?. 

Some  verbs,  not  properly  transitive,  are  capable  of  a 
transitive  construction ;  thus, 

1.  Verbs  signifying  plenty  and  want,  or  motion,  the  house 
a^i»2^n  ^"yfi  ivasftiU  of  men,  ^'^in-n^  \>5:£^^  they  loent  out  (of) 
the  city. 

2.  Any  verb  may  govern  its  cognate  noun,  or  a  noun 
which  defines  the  extent  of  its  application,  V^jn"rib5  Ji^n  he 
was  diseased  in  his  feet. 

The  verb  usually  stands  first,  its  subject  next,  and  its 
object  last,  unless  the  emphasis  requires  a  difierent  order. 

§  70.   Verbs  with  more  than  ojie  Object. 

Some  verbs  have  more  than  one  object,  viz, : 

1.  The  causatives  of  transitive  verbs. 

2.  Verbs  whose  action  may  be  regarded  under  different 
aspects  as  terminating  upon  different  objects. 

3.  The  instrument  of  an  action,  the  material  used  in  its 
performance,  its  design,  or  its  result,  may  be  its  secondary  or 
remote  object,  "jnij  inb5  TO^'i^l  and  they  overwhelmed  him  with 
stones,  ^^S'  Q'lfi^n-nij  ^^^'^;i  and  he  formed  the  man  of  dust. 

If  an  active  verb  is  capable  of  governing,  a  double  object, 
its  passive  m.ay  govern  the  more  remote  of  them. 

§  71.  Adverbial  Expressions. 

Adverbs  commonly  stand  after  the  words  to  which  they 
belong. 


40  SYNTAX.  ^  72,  73. 

Nouns  may  be  placed  absolutely  to  express  the  relations 
of  time,  place,  measure,  number,  or  manner. 


§72.  Neglect  of  Agreement. 

1.  When  a  predicate  adjective  or  verb  precedes  its  noun, 
it  often  prefers  a  primary  to  a  secondary  form,  that  is  to  say, 
the  masculine  may  be  used  instead  of  the  feminine,  and  the 
singular  instead  of  the  plm^al. 

2.  Collective  nouns  may  have  verbs,  adjectives,  and  pro- 
nouns agreeing  with  them  in  the  plural. 

3.  Nouns  plural  in  form,  but  singular  in  signification, 
commonly  have  verbs,  adjectives,  and  pronouns  agreeing  with 
them  in  the  singular. 

4.  Plural  names  of  inanimate  or  irrational  objects  of 
either  gender  are  occasionally  joined  with  the  feminine 
singular. 

5.  The  masculine  is  sometimes  used,  when  females  are 
spoken  of,  from  a  neglect  to  note  the  gender,  if  no  stress  is 
laid  upon  it. 

G.  Singular  predicates  and  pronouns  are  sometimes  em- 
ployed in  a  distributive  sense  of  plural  subjects. 

7.  Nouns  in  the  dual  have  verbs,  adjectives,  and  pro- 
nouns agreeing  with  them  in  the  plural. 


§  73.   Compound  Subject. 

When  the  subject  consists  of  two  or  more  words  con- 
nected by  the  conjunction  and,  the  predicate,  if  it  precedes 
its  subject,  may  be  put  in  the  masculine  singular  as  its 
primary  form,  or  it  may  be  put  in  the  plural,  referring  to 
them  all,  or  it  may  agree  with  the  nearest  word. 

If  the  predicate  follows  a  compound  subject,  it  is  com- 
monly put  in  the  plural,  though  it  may  agree  with  the  prin- 
cipal word  to  which  the  otliers  are  suliordinate. 


§§  74-76.  REPETITION    OF    WORDS.  41 

If  a  predicate  refers  equally  to  two  words  of  different 
genders,  it  will  be  put  in  the  masculine  in  preference  to  the 
feminine ;  if  they  are  of  different  persons,  the  predicate  will 
be  put  in  the  second  in  preference  to  the  third,  and  in  the 
first  in  preference  to  either  of  the  others. 


§  74.  Bejpetitmi  of  Words. 

Repetition  may  denote  distribution,  niij  T\\yb  year  hy 
year,  plurality,  "irr^h  yeneration  and  generation,  i.  e.  many 
generations,  or  emphasis  and  intensity,  pis?  ptilj  exceeding 
deejj. 

In  verbs  the  absolute  infinitive  is  joined  with  the  finite 
forms  for  the  sake  of  emphasis  or  intensity,  nifan  nib  thoit 
shalt  surely  die. 

§  75.  Relative  Pro7ioim. 

When  the  relative  "ifcis:  is  governed  by  a  verb,  noun,  or 
preposition,  this  is  shown  by  appending  the  appropriate  pro- 
nominal Suffix  to  the  governing  word,  thou  ^^nnnin  -liiJiJ;  whom 
I  have  chosen,  ^by_  '^m  whose  seed. 

When  the  relative  is  preceded  by  nk  the  sign  of  the 
definite  object,  or  by  a  preposition,  these  pertain  not  to  the 
relative,  but  to  its  antecedent,  which  is  to  be  supplied. 

The  relative  is  frequently  omitted,  not  only,  as  in  English, 
when  it  is  the  object  of  its  clause,  but  also  when  it  is  tlie 
subject,  and  he  forsook  God''>r\p^  (who)  made  him. 

The  demonstrative  r.T  or  ^T  is  frequently  used  in  poetry 
with  the  force  of  a  relative,  in  which  case  it  suffers  no  change 
for  gender  or  number. 


42  SYNTAX.  §  76. 


§  76.   Conjunctions. 

The  simple  copulative  !i  is  used  in  Hebrew,  where  our 
idiom  requires  different  conjunctions ;  the  relation  between 
clauses  so  connected  must  often  be  inferred  from  their 
signification.     Vav  also  serves, 

1.  To  introduce  the  apodosis  or  second  member  of  a  con- 
ditional sentence,  if  God  loill  he  with  me  and  keep  me  •^';^7'^ 
then  shall  Jehovah  he  my  God. 

2.  To  connect  a  statement  of  time  or  a  noun  placed 
absolutely  with  the  clause  to  which  it  relates,  on  the  third 
day  DO"^^^  ^P^!!  Abraham  lifted  up  his  eyes. 


EXERCISES  IN  READING. 


1.    Pronouns. 


If      IT         J-                     !•     T    •                    v                 /      V  :                            •    -:        <•    -:  i-     :                    j           it       ;            <•    -: 

^y  n^i»5?^  n^^rn'a  inVdjc  ^D:n  nr  nr^a^n^  i^:::i^  r\r\^  iis  :Dbi)b^ 

K             T       J*  T                      V             -                   I             •          V    :           •/:•             IX  -    I-  !•    ;                 \t   -           r                 it       : 

«  -             r?  -           •••   ":                 •  t    -            t                     !•        j  '    ;     :     •              »•           •           t    :  j-    •              i  t  t< 

»    ••           -:i-                    :v :               •  it                  v.-  :     -   :  ;v   :    :   -                    rr  t    -:  it 

'  §  54.  *  D^  with  suffix.  ^  prep.  03?  with  suf.  *  12  with  suf.  ^  §  52. 
"  2  masc.  sing,  Kal  pret.  of  M^^.  '  2  m.  s.  Hi.  pret.  of  *1J3.  s  f^^^  ^ith  suf. 
«  §8  60,  52.     "  §  18.     "  plur.  of  Sit  with  suf. 


2.     Perfect  Verbs,  Kal. 

/   -                  •  rr   :      •        F    •■■  jv            r    ;             c-                     /  :            -            Ij-                       i-    t    :    •           <   :   -  'jt  :   it 

^n-i^TD-    \^^'iw^    ^:^^    -linia    ih't  riiti^    ^^sk     tnin^n    'li^^n^n^ 

•   :    V-    T                     !••  T     :  •            /••    ;                '       V    ;            I  ■•                   T        :             j-    -:                       ,     .      .      ,        ^  .     .     _ 

I      :  •                 /               T  :  V-  T                 ^                      IT  f:   •                   iv  t          -r-       -           t                  rr       :  i-  s   - 

IT      T     :    -              y-    :     •                 TIT                  it    -    -           •.-   I            v.-  :    -     :                  i-    :  ••              >t  t  (•-•  'jt:   it 

:nn55   is'ii^  DDSi  biri2-DX  bs^in^^  ^53  biD  ©^x^ 

IT  •■•  <:  I-.'  r  /    :  •  -_.._.        J..  .  < 

>§56.       '^  §57.       '§§50,56.        *  §  8.       ''§18.       '§50.       '§53.  «  He 
interrogative  §  52,  inf.  in  the  construct  before  its  subject  §  68.       ®  §  60. 


3.  The  Remaining  Species. 

-nx    :n^™n-ra  nnb  oDb  Tt^^^a  ^::t\   iuT\^:th  ncaDi  n«!^V 

•   IT   T    -      /    •               V  ir            .;•••  r                 r     :     -            •  :    i-                     iv    ••    :   •  it   :    :  •         f     v   rr  t  : 

f   T  •                       V     I     •..    -             •.•         »  k     -:  I-            V           T     :  /-  ;     •                       I"  I-    -:  it  t             ■.•  :          7  /    -:   ~ 


44  EXERCISES    IN    READING. 

bii'iTC'^  ^^53  nins  '^ntD^pa    :DDin3  b'l.^n  '^^lo-nx  ^r^t-rrp   :nn5?n 

A"  T     :  •         J"   :         '       V    :  •:-':•  it  :  v  t    -  /•     :  :•  •      :  v- '  •  v  rr   t 

Diptiia  t]Dn^5  ^n23T»-  jnD^b72n^ni<  ^:nairn    :ddiJj'ip^^  nin'' ^^2^5 
nn^'i    :Dbi5'-i5?i    Dbi3?"pb.  wnin&5b    ^nns^  ^;r&5    vik^    nkn 

V    :      •  V  V  \    :  •      >•  I"    T     •  IV     ••    -:  •   ;  j-  r  :■    -:  v    :  ■•     :     - 

^  For  TiS'nl^'?  vowel  shortened  on  account  of  the  removal  of  the  accent,  §  9.     ^  for 
■ipiiinj.     ^  fern.  Pual  participle  §44.     ■*  Kal  act.  participle  of  Kia. 


4.  AViTH  Vav  Conversive,  Suffixes,  etc. 

Tsnri^^n  iiD'^'ipnb  f■1^^5  b^i^^i^    :^t:3  nin^  tj^^d*)  mn  ni^n 

IT  r  I  »•»:-:         '       -:  i-  j"  r  •  -  r  t    :  vt       :         , '  :  v   -  :  ■/  :■    -  t    - 

!•    :  (rr    •    :  t        ;  j-   —.        r  ;  it  :  v    it    •.•  •.•  v  t        »    /-    :     •  -  it  - 

DD^n  ^n^^ntjni^  tnb^^n  D^Tr:5in  niBbio^  ^n^iuj^i^  jDrr^r^^b  ddi 

V    ••    ;  <•     :     •  :  V  I"   T  ;•  t    -:  IT  V  I     :  •/::•-  iv    "     •"  :  iv  t 

•    -    T     :  •     T    •  •         v:  V    :  !•  •  it       ;  :•  t  ;  ».-:•:  ••   t 

T^'^TC,^  ttjiabb  x^ni  bb&5b  nnb  ^b-tn^i  -^bin  ^Db&5  rnzji^  ntn  tr^i^a 

it   T  :  A  :    •  V  jv  i    v:  iv  ■.•/•.•         <•       '   -it:  '  ••  j-       it  jv   -:  v    -  '  7  »v  - 

ni^)2  n'^tjs  ^a^'^i^  ^i^^TiD^'i   ^"13^  b^c^iic'i  '^m    jD'^n'bi^b  ^b  nin'i 

A    :  J    :    •  I    :  •  -  7    ;     :  •  -  J   t  ••  t     :  •  j-   :  i-  i-  v  7T       : 

:^ffiS5  n^itt©^   :n-'rn  nipiaa  DD!n&5  nssir^    icini^^  v*ixn  i^b^ni 

r    :  -  <t    :     t  IV   -  l>     I    -  IV    :    v  »t  :      -    -:  it  i     v   it   t  ;••     t     •  — 

-n»  nbis"'    5?vbDti    innia©^    nih''    :^^r\"i^tD^    ^tjs?^  ^z^-:^    nin 

V     :  •  at        T     •  '  :    T     ;  •  T        :  '!•:-;  '    t   •  -it  ••    • 

^  In  this  and  the  following  exercises,  the  preterite  with  Vav  Conversive  should 
be  translated  as  though  it  were  preceded  by  a  future  ;  and  the  future  with  Vav  Con- 
versive as  though  it  were  preceded  by  a  preterite,  §  66.  ^  §  60.  .^  §72.  3,  Kal 
fut.  3  m.  s.  of  n'jri.  ■•  apodosis,  §  76.  1.  ^  Kal  pret.  3  pi.  of  fTnQ.  ^  Kal  fut. 
3  m.  pi.  of  ni"! .  '  direct  object  after  verb  of  plenty,  §  69.  *  §  26.  3,  Kaniets- 
Ehatuph  on  account  of  the  rejected  Hholem,  §  9.      "  pausal  form  for  T^'aSJ . 


5.  Pe  Guttural  Verbs. 

IT":  /  :  it       :  /  :    -i--  it  t  v  •    ":i-  r  i  •«  •  i    -:i-  -: 

•;v  T  5    -:  1-  T        :  v  j  -:  i-  ;    ••     r-    :  -  •   :  '    v     •  :  '      r    t  r :    -    r  - 

IV   -:  T    -    1-       /      ••  V    /    v:iv    I-  T    -    I-       J     «-  •.•-;•/       I         -:    I-  /•  v  v     - 

li^^p^  ©"^ifn-ni^  'jnnr::)  m  n^b  i^^i^i  i^nbsHi^  n'aii'^i    :bDN^n  i^b 

/  r.'  :  '•  •     T  V       '  JV    : :  T  <T         A    -  :  »t       :  v        t  -  r-    r    i-  / 

?T^^s  d'lttjsn^  n2^)3xni    :DDni5  nVj?*'  ^nnT5>n-DX    tonb  bDi^'^n  ib 

'      J    T  VT    -  T    :    V-  -  IV    :     V  '    -:i-  V  •.  :    -    I-  •  v  it  -       /  :  » 

^T^sn-p- D-1  T^2S-Da  nf:ii5-D5  ^:ii-bm  bx-i'^^-tj-'s*^  ^itts^i    tnirri 

'av   :      '  V  J-       , ' :    ■  -  t    -         -  t  t    1  ••  t     :  •  «    :       i  -  it       j 


EXERCISES    IN    READING.  45 

/     :  .  IT       :  '.v  T  i:   :  '     :  •  :  v  t  •    -:  <    :    :•  i  v  ■•   -:  :•      j  - 

J  y^^n-^^  nnb  b^^-^-itJic  c^i^n  nins^  :  dds 


V IV  /-  V    -:  -AT  J     T 


*  §  25.     ^  The  preposition  is  idiomatically  repeated  in  Hebrew.     '  fern.  part.  §  44. 
*  §  50.      ^  for  njX'ip  2  f.  pi.  imp.  Kal  of  ^«^)? .     ^  used  in  a_collective  sense,  §  72.  2. 


6.  Ayin  Guttural  Verbs. 

I   ••             I  IT        :           vT       :           i"         ■>'  :              'att            it         i-          /    -t          jt       :  i    :  -  :  <•   t   vir.-- 

I-    :  -              it  -:  it    v                r*             •         t    t                         it  t  ":  it       <••    :           v"  ••  -                •  t     :    -  •• 

nin^  ^D"in^  anb  niis^^  b)^^-^^  "^iia-n^  ^D'lnn  j  wi2i^2^-b3  i^i^snn 

VT       :       , '  :    V  it  :              v  t                     t              a"  t     :  •        j-   :             •••          v    -:  it    ;                 it  :    -          t  v    :   it    :     • 

•  IT  ;      •     •              «.    :  I          I*                    I"    T            "IT          -             •/••-:  IT                ■    T  ;  V       J  -  '  IV    :      :  •  : 

J"  :       I    :            '  -:  :  -            v            <•••:■:                  it  t   i-           it           v  ^t    •              '     v  t  :  r     v    t    t  t         •       <    -; 

bb  n5?nn   nD"i3inni    b^^n  n'^snb^n-bs  n«  Tis^nrb  'innii^  D^ti^n 

(.            '"::-:               jt  :    it    :     •  :               a"    t                v    t    -:   it          t              i"           '"::-:  J"   ":it  ;  •     -    t    - 

IT                     J"  t    -:                          •    :     -    r            J-  :                     it       :                >••   :                iv    :    :•  :  i-  •■  ^     :■    it   t 


>  1  as  before  '^sS.S:  §  22.  3.         ^  apocopated  fut.  Kal  of  n'jri  §  39.       =*  §  55. 
*  §  38. .     ^  abbreviated  relative.      ^  to  say,  i.  e.  saying.      '  §  50.      ®  §  17.      "  for 

7.  Lamedh  Guttural  Verbs. 

S'^tn  «b  ,^5r"!S  :'^2'ii2>^i  ^5S-ni5  nbo  :bDkb  Dnbi  s^^^b  i^^T  mi 

V-  T    •  /  7T  :    -  •!••:- 1- :  v   :  v  i-    -  i-       it  v  »v  :       -   ..     -  -  ...      )  -«t  : 

npib  :  bip  iisi  s^ttTS-i-i^b   :  i^r^xt]  bi?ni»^-iD:n-ni5  nbii?  :  n^i^n  x'bi 

)...        -  »i  VT  y-    T  •  ,  I     :     -  f  (f  T     ;    •        I"   ;  V  /-     •  -    !•    :     -  y  ; 

T     •    v:  V      J  -  !•     »     ;        :   -  v-   T  1  I  IV  T         i-   -  -  V  IV  T  :         '  v   :  -  v  j-  : 

i^i^n'^'i    Drr^s^SJ-ni^  hSir^   nps^i  ^i^n^i    nbi5-^5^5>-nb5  rvo'^  riHrri 

I    :  •  -  V    ••    j~  V  T       :  f »- :  •  -  a   :  .  :  v  »■       •■•     r-  :•  h-  :  r       ; 

nsmi    :DDnj^  s^^'atjx    ;b^5nir^  ^3S"bi5  nni&5  ^5i^  nbitj   aii^-p 

JT   T  -  IV    :    V        -      V     :    -         '       I"  T     :   •         i-   ;  :•        ,1    :       i  .»•   -:         -j-  t    t      J  v 

n"b«*  x'bn  j2?"iTn  ^b  niiEi  nin^b^  n^©  r^i^b  n^rri^  nniiJ  ni^^nt^n 

~         t  -:  IT ;     •  /       J '   :     IT  at  I-  VT    -       >     V    T  t  jv    :  r  t    -  •        •    :    - 

ibips  ^^-n^^   nit:-Di5    :^b«  riDbn-^^b  n^b  ^b-^npb  ^^bis*  ^TMibtj 

'J    :  T  •  :  J  •  IT  ••        T  :  v-   T  i  t  /t       '  t  h   '         ?     v    ••  •     : «-    t 

{5>'aT»5  i^bi^  irini^  D^nbi^  ^Dn:«  nir^^  ^i^nb«  nin^ 

IT    :  •  VT  ••     7 '    :    I  /•  :     I  :   -  -:  v  -:  ••  j  t       : 

^  apoc.  Hi.  fut.  of  n!l5 .     «  Kal  fut.  of  rrirr .     ^  §  22.  3.     *  §  74.     '  I^Bx  . . ,  nBx 
Mw^o  whom,  §  75. 


46       '  exercises  in  reading. 

8.  Pk  Nun  Verbs. 

tnb^xb  D^bi  ?ib  n-^ni  brix^  nci^  bDiiia-b^-a  rib-np  nr.i^i    tn*' 

IT  ;     T  :  IV  T  :       V '  :  /t  t  :  ••    t."  jv   -:  t    -:   i-         t     •  '  :  »-  jt   -  :  it 

biD.  ^S  nin  "liin^    iTi'aiz?    N*3-nT5n    :^b  i^nD  ri'i'^^i  bibn  ^rin^^ 

»  •  ~     •-.  ■■    •..  '   IV     :  \r  t       •    -  'it  j-t       \.    >    ;  it    •  -         j '     ;      • 

V    -:  .'       ■•   J    v:  t         :  •    -;  ll  v"     ;     V  IT  -  t  -  j    v  it  i-    t  V    *: 

r5tt  iirsni  :  i^^DS  pii-nx  DDb  nnb  o^^ns^a  r'^^5•a  DDtix  ^^ni^sin^ 

-    /•    -  J  :  '  -IT  :       r    V   f;  ■:  vv  t  i-  -r  •  at   :     •         1    •:  jv   ■•  iv    ;    :•  •       /•• 

jD'TTb^n  tj-'s  a53^  n'axb'  ib-^^'^i    :n!bsn    n:ni5i    in^'^^iijn^ 

I  v:    iT  i-  IT  "  J  -  \  -  T    ;     I       •  T    \*    -   ;  t   :     it     r     - 

"^Dbi^  nit:^-i^b  ^d  ''irsD  np    nin"'  nnr  :  n^br  bs'^^  nihn-nx  np^n 

\       IT  y  •/•  •     ;  -  fj-  t         :  «i  -  t      IV  r  v    •   -  V     v    -  V  f^  •  " 

IT        -:  ■•• 

'  §  55.     "^  §  52.     3  §  74.     *  2  f.  s.  pret.  Kai  of  n^r  .     Ms.  pret.  Hi.  of  xi;' . 
*  §  48.     ''  to  say,  i.  e.  sai/hig.     "  8  m.  s.  pret.  Kal  of  Xi2 .     "  §  59. 


9.  Ayin  Doubled  Verbs. 

T  '    JV  -:    I  -IT  »T   T  1   :  A-  T  J-   :     -         '  •.•  v.-  t  -  •   i"   :    i   :  v     : 

'    •  IV   :  IT   ":  y-  •  T    it  t  t  :  t  -  :  'it  '     iv  -:  it    :  i 

ini^  ni5"!i  :  "1^5^*1  ^b5n  ^m^  ii'^hi2  frinn-m»i5  ni5  ^r\^i^  ^3  rixn 

«.  /T  T  :  it  V     t  IV  ":  1-       '  t         :  '  ••   t     :  v    ":  «"  '    :    -  t         j-       f     v  at    t 

V    -:  V  A  •    :  v.- •..  JV  ":  -  J    t  iv   ••        v-  t  /•        •    -:i-  rr^ 

^^^  r\2^   :  nnb  bsj^-^b^  r:&-ni?  nts^i    :  ?ri'in  'in'i^-b^  ''"ss*  'ismb'i 

j*T  ■•    ■  V  IT         -  <t  I   :  »t  t  V  <••  —  'it  !•  :  -  v    •         ■     :  ;-  t  : 

tni'^n-bn  d^^d  •'D^no   :  b^nis'^-bs-ni^  ^■'bi^  ncnb  1112V 

I       -  T  •       I •  /     -  I"   T       :     •  T  V  '      IV     ••  I"     T    ;  '      T     • 


^  S  72.  6,  eacA  one  is  cursed.  ^  §  26.  3.  ^  ora  8  12  for  "JT^J^  shortened  by  Mak- 
keph,  §  20,  from  rr^.x  §  26.  3.  *  i3  . . .  *i^X  in  which,  §  75.  '  without  the  article, 
because  it  is  in  the  construct  before  the  following  relative  clause,  §  62.  ®  apoc.  fut. 
Kalof  n^n. 


10.  Pe  Yodh  Verbs. 

?T'Tin-ni5  dhb  rs'^in^i     :Dbin5-i2?i  Drjptib  -inix  ^5?^^  Db^D  ^^ 

'  •:  IV    -  V  V  T         JT  :    -       I    :  it  :  -  :  it  -  f:      •  ;  v  /    :  i"  vt  f- 

V  ■•    t        -      «    t  T     t  V     :  r  v    -:  jv  it        :  , '   ":  |-    •  r         •  "  it  :;•• 

^snbffis  ntin  ^Dib'^'iin  ;  di"^  nb'^^-nia  ^^nn-^^b    ?  dnDbn  ^n©'^  i^b  ^Db'i 

,..  .     -  .  ,..  _  .        .        ,  ,  ..!„  _  V-   ••  I  IT  :  V    :  V-  •  /  ••  •• 

Tt^^\^  ^'raik'^^    jdnb  rr^n    nsi^in -^5?    dnTiic^    n^Dbni     :i^ip^b 

TV"  •  J    J        I  -  V  IT  I"  T    IT  -  :•       ••     3  T    :  J-    ••  -  I      '       :  • 

-n^i    :  bi<ni»'^  "Tatt?  iTij'i^  ^^b    :  ^b«  ntti^ni  mn  ©'ixn-ds?  'iDbnn 

V   :  I"   T       ;    •  •■       I  '    AT       •  I  'l"    ••  V  I    -  AV     -  J"     T  V    :        '    *: 


EXERCISES    IN    READING.  47 

nin^  '^iN*  "^s  n5?ib   OD'^D'^ni    •'rin^    nixb    i^ni^    ^mp   ^nina© 

7-  I  '•.•):•■.  (.      •        1  •   IT   :      ■         r     v    ;v  ;  v:  t  j-  t    •  it  iv      •■    i    v: 

V   :  t  :  '     \:   t  /••       v: 

^  Relative  omitted,  §  '75.  ^  governs  the  antecedent,  which  is  to  be  supplied,  §  75, 
to  the  place,  etc.  ^  n52(a  . . .  I^X  whither.  ''8  17.  ^  S  72.  5.  ^  Kal  inf.  of  Ni^with 
prolonged  form  of  3  f.  pi.  suffix.  '  3  pi.  Kal  pret.  of  '^^H,  §  76.  1.  ^  §  73,  this 
preposition  is  idiomatically  repeated  in  Hebrew,  between  me  and  between  you  for 
betiveen  me  and  you. 


11.     Ayin  Vav  and  Ayin  Yodh  Verbs. 

•         J*    ":i-  /,T  t  IT  T  it'--  :  itT  -  V  ■.•  n  •   -     :  •  -     : 

nb    :tT"iix  ^5n-'l3  •'"lii^^   tri^^'i    i^ina  n^i'm  "iir«  tn-rn  oipian 

'  I"  n        ■  •        V  it  V   jv  -  IV    t   -  jv  -:  iv   -  /v     t    - 

bs2b  ni5-Tn  r^«n-bx  ^shi^  i^'^nia  nin^  r.^bi  n'^ns^  V"^^?3  ^Dnrj^ 

J  :  •  -       »    V  <T   T  V  t  •   ■•  t        :  jt  r  ;  •   -   :     •       J    v  jv  :  :     - 

«b"''3  :5?ixi  :  ^'^D^s^-bs?  ri^  n^TO-i  :  n^-^'iss^  n^u?  ^:b  nito  jsbn  n^hn 

'  •  v~    •■  it  '    IV      ■•  -  V  t  ;•  t  t  ;   it    :     •  j  \t  „  f    —.  •:     •:   - 

-  IT  -  I"    T  T    /T  t.       -  »T    r      IT  T  '       IV     ••  IT    r  VT  :  I"  T  I       •• 

IV        n  T  I"   :  '-  ;  I-  it    -    -  /  :•  it       :        '  s-  ••        i  ••  -  k       •     :     -  j   - 

-bs  05  1^23  ntjb-iji  b^iJtii  ni2^i^   jnisT^  ni-a^  naiijn  ai^n  n^scb^ 

T         i-  yr  T  V  i     :  t  t  <t  -  it  /  it   -    -  >    ;  vt      t    : 

1     -  /    -  ITT    -: 

^  itwo  6^  ^MJO,  §  74.     2  2  f.  s.  imp.  Kal.     '  §  64.  1/.     *  §  26.  2.     ^  for  njH  §  30. 1. 
"  8  56.  3.     7  l^al  act.  part,  of  n^^5 .     «  8  74.     ^  §  73.     '°  8  50. 


12.     Lamedh  Aleph  and  Lamedh  He  Verbs. 

TS'^Ta  "iDbi?  mrx-nii^  niiDi^b  niairjb  ^n^n^bi?  nirri  bipa  5?"b©n  2?i'aT23 

,'.•-:  '•       IT  •;•••  ":  v  ":  |-  :   •  '     m:        •;:  jt        :  K    ;  -     :     •  -       j    r 

jni5-i^   bib  ^32     :d^«   'ism-bi^   ^bipi   i^npi^   "O^t^t^    ns'^b^^    :  ci^n 

IV  :  •  /  V-  T  IT  T  /■•   :  V  K    '     :  at':    v  c       •  n    ••   —.  i     - 

V  !••■:•:  7  /•••;•:  •    :  j-  ••  j-    •  it  /•■      •  t       c     •    t 

••    ":  T        :  V      <  -  K  T    :  \-    :     ■    -.  •     :    ■    :  •:  ■:  ■:■■   iv   i-  i     ;  )     :    ■ 

^2nDi5^   :^n^^22:  mj3i53  npin^  ii)2^i$n    jTi'T^ii  n'^mrbsn-nK  inx  ihr^s 

:    -    -:i-  •     I"  •..  ri  ":  |-  'v    V    -  -  /- T  '  ivT    :  v;      ;    ■     :     -  v        '  ■)•■    :•       '    jt  r 

•i^ji^ni  :  ^-iss-^  1^11  nm'^n  ^rw'p  «^m  o^n  ib    t  niuys-n^  5?^d  b<b 

ITT  ITT  V  IV  -  :  rtT  r  J  :  IT    -  I  IV  -:|-  -  k- ■•  I 

niwb  bD'ii     {"ib-ibs^n  b«'Ta©-ni5  -ra^^i   trb-nbs^b^  '^'q-d^  ni^^jn 

w  ■;  1-  >-  ;  -  r         ■   --.  i-  v  ;  •-•  v  -  'at  v  -:  i-  v-  v  t     ■    it 

:  ri^i»5?  rra  ^b  i^msn  Jd'^it'a'a  ^^n^bs^n  m  nizb  :  nss^b'sn-biD-nij^ 

~       "  ~  —        -  —  ..    _  ,  ,j  ..     .  IT     •  v:    IV  «v  r  IT  it       t     :     -         t 

IT-,':-:  ,:■-.,- 


T      !•  t  n       k         n 


48  EXERCJSES    IN    READING. 


13.    The  Creation  and  Fall.    Genesis  1-3. 
CIIAPTEK  I.     t^ 

»T  :      IT  I      •/     T      T    :  I      V     ,T     T  J-   :  •     v-    T      -  /••  A-  Jt    »  ^  ..  ^ 

"112^^^  :  s'i'En  ^:^'b^j  t^trnn  D"h'bi5  n^^i  oinn  ^rs-b:?  tiTsni  ^n'di  3 

:•       '  ~  -IT    -       J'*    :  -  V   IV  -    :  •        v:        -      j  ;  a    :       j"   ;  -         '     v   v  ;  t 

J-   : A  •  IT  V  I-        :■:  :  j —  i  •  :  i-  A  j-  :  V        v: 

^n*'  D^'nbK  "itj^^i        s        :  ^r\^  oii  "iph-in">i  n"iS'"''n'ii  nb^b  o 

'•  :  •  ■•■      J '  IT   v  /  /v   V  •   :  I-  V  r:         •  :  i-  t  :  at 

y-ip^in-n^^  Q^n'b^  'b^^^i  :  a-i^b  d^^  rn  bi'rintj  '^n'li  a^^n  ^ira  5?^pi  7 

-     »•    T    IT  V  •  -J--  •    IT  r  •    \r     I     /"  •    :    -  J-     •  ■    at    -       '      j    :       -     Is;  t 

:  '^511)  Di^  nph-^rrii  n^iSJ-'-'H^i  )2^)2W  i^'^p^b  o'^n'bj^  ^ip^i  :  'iD-^n'in  s 

r    ••  •>         '•••  V  •  :  I-  :•  !■:         •  :  i-  •  at    t       -    K-  t  it  -r       :•■■  »t):  •  -  'i-         ■  :  i- 

D^t:n  rrip^b^  pk  hirz^b  1  D^n'bs^  «np^i  ;  iD-'^n^''^  ncs^n  n«^ni  •» 

•    t-    -  I");     •    :  J     '.•    V  t   t <•        v:  t  J;  •  -  Ji-  •  :  |-  at  t  -    -  iv  t   i"  ; 

"p^^n  N^iij'in    n^n"b&5  ni^ij^^n    j  nrj-^D  D'^n'bx  n^^^i   d^igi   v^^p  11 

»     •.•    t     t  <-    :     I-  •  ■.•:  V        J  -  I  •  V         v:  :  /-  -  A"  -  JT  *t 

•  :  -  •.•         -     <•  :    -  ■:  j-  v  v         J     v    t    t  ••  -  / 1-  •  :  i-        »    v  at   t 

V  >■:  •  :  I-  I         •  V       ■■■:  :  / —  a-       •   :  v.  :  -  /•.•  -:         •/•   :  •••if   t-  : 

-     Ij-   :     ■  :  <•  :  •        v:  v       j  -  r      ■      :  /  )v   i  •  ;  |- 

D^io'^bi  D^^ir^i^b^  jnhb5b  ^^ni  nb^bn  I'^ni  Dirn  I'^in  b'l^nnb  D^t^^n 

«  t  :  •   -:      J  :  :  <    t  :  t  :  at   -       /    j™  \.  -      1    y  •    :    -  :  •     -    t    - 

J  p'^ii^^   p^n-b2?  "i\^nb  D^isT^n  i^^p'nin  nhiK^b  ^^r-\^   i  d^^tsi  ita 
nbtj^'ab  b^jn  ni^isn-n^  ta^^b^^n  nhk^n  "^^t^-m  D^n'by;  iD:?_;:!i  ig 

'<•••-  r  T      I     -  V  :  t  :  -     -  v   jv    :     v  :  F       It    -  <      r    -  v  :  - 

rh^m  Qi^3  ^mb^  :  p^n-b^'  ^^^r^b  o'^'aii^n  s^'^pnn  d'^n'b^^  nnb^  is 

T  :  -    -  J   -  :  •    :  i    v   it   t         -  <   t  :  •   at    t    -        -     (j-  :    •  «       v:  rr 

■••  <•••  •   :  I-  1  •  V*        v:  :j —         '    V    A    -  /J-  V    T  If  •    :    -  :  f 

T'Mb  n^^n  ^^int^i  w^rib^  n-ajj^^i        &        t^s^^^n^.  ni'^  ^.ph-'n'^i  a 

'     •••    v.-  .     -    -  J    :     :  •  •         v:  v       J  -  r        •   ;  j  h    >.  •  :  i- 

^nn^i    I  n^-om  i^-^pn  'liB-bs?    v^^5n-b5>    ssi^:'^   ^'iss'i   r^T]    rss  21 

jT   :   •  -                       •     it    T     -  -     '/•    :            V    :  -            F     v    t    t  -  Ij-  ;  I  ;               at  -                   vjv 

:•      :                  :■     :•         n  jt    -    i-                   vjv          t                 j-  ;  A"  :     -  ^     .     _  -  ...                       .         ...; 

I                                «         v:  :;--                  ••         •    :             It   r           I      <  t  ••   ;  v "       |.  :  .      -  -                ;     it 

•  -  -                 .      -    .  ...               ,   .  .    ,                    .                  J    .  A  ••  IS        •::  >T                   '  V  »t  :   -     *"• 

''n::'^  'i  V.  1. 


EXERCISES    IN    READING.  49 

oq  .  .  . 

p«-in^ni   to"ii   yrann   .^ijitjb   n^n  irs;^    r-i^^n   ^iin   n^n"bj<5 

X   ...    -  ....  T       •  :        »    V   T    T  -   -  V  •        v:  -J--  1 1"         •  :  f-  AT      •   : 

26  ntt^^i  J  nrj"*^3  D^n'bi^  «-^^i  iro-^'ob  n'a'^^n  is'Dvb^  n^^i  nb^ttb 

V      J  -  I         •  «       v:  : )~  -  A"       •   :  it  t    -:  it  v  /v        t  y  :  t       •  i 

I     J   :  ■  T    -  -   :    •  :  •  :  a-  :  •  f  :   -  :  7t  r  zv  -:i-  •        .,, 

T    :  •  -  J    v   IT   T         -  )■•       rr  •.•  iv   r         t    :  J    t    t    t         t    :  t    ••    ;    -  •    -    r    - 

nnpDi    IDT    inj^   i^nm    w^nba^   Dbi^^   itbi:^   b^ii^rrrb^i  <  c^-n'b^^ 

«»•• :  ITT  A  JT  T  «        ■;:  V  »•:  :  :    -    :  t    t    rr  t  ■^'        vi 

28  ^n"i^    ^*i9  n^r\bi<   ohb  ^^^^^   n^n'bi^   ori^  rr-m'^'i    :  Dr^  k^s 

V   :  '    :  •  V  TV-  •        vt  t  '  v  jt  :  -  it  /t  t 

»T  -         t    :  •     -    T    -  I     J    :  T    -       ^  -  ;    .  ;  t  a-..    :    ■   :         I     v   it  t  :•  /  :     • 

29 '  ntJ5>"bD-ni5   Dsb  ^nni  ri^n  n'^n"b«   ^nr^^i    :  ps^n-br'  nie^'nn 

V  J"         t  V  V  t  •     -  t  ••    •  •        v:  V       J  -  1     ■:    it   t  -  v   jv       it 

i^'n'T  rs?"*^"!*:  in""no«  p^n-bs-riKi  rn^n-bD  ^5&-b5?  "I'lr^  :?^t  5?")T 

-J"  I    V         •    :  /  V    -:        I    7"  T  t  V  :         F     v    t    t  t  j-   :  -  v    -;  -  v        —  j- 

^  I  bbbi  D^biiJn  &i:^-bDbi  y'^'^fi  n^n-b^bi   :  nbDsb  n^n^  DDb  snr 

J  :  •     -    T    -  I  T  ;  7     V    T     t  j-   -         T  t  IT  :    T  :  r.-    :  i-  ;tt  -at 

J  p-^n'ii  nbD^b  nil?:?  p'l'^-bis-ns^  n^n  rsD  "is-nt^i^  V'^^?^"^^'  ircain 

;  1"  •  :  1-         AT  :    t  :  v  v      >     •:  it        t  •.•  t    -  vj-:  v   -:       F    v    t    t         -  j- 

•  :  1-  •:  rt         •  ;  I-  A    :  v  ••    •   :  t     r  jv  -:        t  v  •        v:  : «-  - 

CPIAPTER  11.      n 

•  •     :    -  J  -  •        •.•:  <-  :  -  it  t    :  t  :  F    v   a  t  :  •   ;-   t    -  7  \  :  - 
it  t             ;v  -:            V    :        -    :          t     •             •       •     :     -                j   -                    :  •  -              at  t             jv  -:            i    :        -    ; 

3  "b2)a  nmi?  in  ^s  in*^    liJip'^i   ^i^^nisn  ci^-n^^    D'ln'b^   tinn^i 

t     •  ^-    T  <  J-  A  »•  I-  :  -  •       •     :    -  J  •■•  •        •        ■;:  '  v  <t  :  - 

4  D'^^ai^'n  ni^bin  nbi^        B       :  nii£5?b  n^n'bs*  ^^n^i-nt^^  iriDi^b^a 

•  >-   T    -  J   :        I  v  J-  1    -:  I-  «        v:  /T  T  v    -:  ;         -     : 

n  n^ii)  I  bb^  J  n^i2tJi  f i^  D^n'bs*  nin'i  riib:>  ni-^n  Di^^s^n  7^i«rn 

-      J"  J  :  •    IT    T  :        F    v   iv  v  it      :  j  '•■  :  at  ;   it  •    :        1    v   vt  t  ; 

^^b^n  b5'b  ^3  ^2:^''  nn-j  nnir^n  nir^^-bDi  r-iikn  n^^n^  c^-j  n'i'f  n 

•     ;     •  •             AT    :  •            V  j\              vv    T    -               V  !■•  t  :       F     v    t    t             jv    ;  r               v  v<  v    t  - 

JV  -:|-              V  :  it  T    -:  it             v  \    -:  1-         7  ■     -  jt    r  ;          I     v    t    t           -                     •         v:  «t  : 

v:  T         ;                 V        *  -                         IT   T    -:    IT  j"    ;           t               v                ht      ;  •    :            F     v  at    t       '  • 

a   T    IT              !•  ;  -  K    -                J-     :  •                 *t   -    :  i-  •  -                  r  t    —.  jt      I    •               t  t  t    t  it 

8 ')ni?  Q'O  DtJ^i   D'lp^   n2?3  p   u^nb^   nin'i  5?ib^n  ■• :  r.^n  ifsrb 

t                vjt  -               V  Iav    •          '  V  V    :         h-                 r        ■■■:             it        :  -  .  -  it   -  :■  ri  : 

/t    :  V  F    •/•  t  t    t    -:  JT      /    •  •         v:  <t        :  -    : it  r  r:  —.  \t   t    it 

:  s^ii  nit:  trj^r\  vibi  ii\n  tiinn  a^^nn  f5>i   bsfi^tib  nit:i  n^iTob 

ITT  7  -  V-    -         I     ■•  :         Ft-  '       j    :  •     -    i-        I  ^" :  at    ":    i-  :  J  :  iv   :     -  : 

.  ns^n^i^b    n^ni    'rne'^    d^-^i   prrr.i^   n^'p-rnb    "j^y^a    ^*s'-'  '^roi 

;t  T    :    -  :  it   t  :  ••  t  •  t     ■  'at    -  •/  K     :     -  :  I  .....    ..  j..  t  r  : 

11  nb^iinn    yn^-bis    in«    nnbn   ^'^t\    'litj'^s    "inxn    di»    :  d^Xi^'n 

t        •   -:    I-  !     ■..  J...         t  -x  ..          _  J  F        A       •  rr   v    rr  /"  r         t 

12  J  dntjn  pi5i  nb^nn  dio  nit:  \^^r\r\  vnt^n  nnr^  t  nn-in  d^nicx 

-     I     -        I  ■;  It :  -    I    :     -  /t  a  v    -        F     v   <t  t  7-":i  tt    -  CT  v   '. 

K"i^:?T  'n  V.  4. 


50  .  EXERCISES    IN    HEADING. 

«t  T     '-  I"  :  ,  I     V    ^7         T  r*  ••  -  J  '       A      •  ,{    ••    -  rrr    -  '"•14 

.•n-\-D  x^n  '^::>^nnn  •in-rn  n^iDi^  n^np  trbhn  &5^n  bp-^n  ^ir-b^n 

i-T   :  /  <       •  :    IT  If     -  :  A    -  J-  :  »^'  'f         r  '  r.-   v    •  •      •      :     - 

:  n-i-Q'rb^  m3:?b  ini^-pn   ^nnsn   D";^{n-n&5   n'^n'bN    r.in-'  n)?^i  ^c 

IT    :    T  :  IT  :   T  :         /•.•••)-:  j-  •  —  at  t    it  •»  «       v:  /r       :  [*-  •  - 

J    ••    ••  I"  <    t        /it    -      I    I"  /     •  A       ••  IT   t    rr         -  •        v:  jr       :  ~  :  ~     1 7 

:r^rn  nils  ^3tii2  rib^;}^  oi-^a  ^'2  ^213^  bsi^n  i^b  5?^i  nSt:  nrin 
^rj    ib-ntt':?^    iinb    D^r.^n    ni->n   nii:-«b    D^h'b«    r.'-'ni.  nr^^i  is 

■.•   V  /  v:    IV  A     -    :  IT    T     IT  /      V:  V  I  •  V!  JT  :  _        J.  »J 

&i:?-b3  rii^i  ii^x5r\  n^n-b3  nia'ixn-i^  n^nbx   nin'^  "iit^i  :  i^^SD^  19" 

I     J         T  ••  :  V    T    -  .-   -         T  T   r    -:  rr     J    •  •        v:  t       :  v  •  -  i  :  v  : 

m^n  ib-i<np^  ni^^  'bbi  ib-K'np'^-nia  nib^nb  n'^^5n-bi^  i<n-i  D^rCT 

7T  t    it         I  t  f:   •  V    -  :  a  t  1;  •  -  <.    ;    •  t    t  jr  •.•  ••  r  -  .    -     ,    - 

ni3?bi    n^snsn-bDb   niisty    D^i?.n    xSp^i     :  i™    i?^.n    n^n    tsi  3 

I      J   :  t     ••    :     -  r    ;  ••  t    t     rr  t  I;    •  -  I      ;  /  a    -  vrf 

riini  'bsn   :  TO23  iry  i?i^^-i5b  Dib^bi  mwn  n^n  bbb^  n^isiEn  21 

t        :  •• !:■•■:  '•■V  ;t  T  i  t    r  :  av    r     -  j-   -  v   :  •     -    t     - 

-lien  ^iiD'^i  rh5?b^ri2  m^  np^i  p^^i  n'lxn-bs?  rrn^nn  1  n'^n'bx 

it  r  y    :   •  -  T        ;     -     •  -    -  f-  •  -         /  at     •  -  (T  t    it  -  vt  ••    t     -  i-        •/; 

nt\^b  D^i5n-p  npb-nir«  ybsrn-pi^  1  n^n'bx  nin^^  p^i   :  n2r,nr\  22 

AT    •  :  IT  T    IT      /    •  h-  T  :•    -:  ,t  ••    -  •••  f-  r       :  t  :■  •  -  t    iv    :     - 

IT    T  -    T    -:    1"  •.••."<  _    _     -  J  ^     y     ,j  ._.  _  IT     T    IT  T    VV     •    :    -       ■*'" 

t)^s5-nT5''^   iD"b2>  :ni^rnnpb  tj'^ii'a  ^5  r\m  fc^'np'^  mb  •^-lir'n'Q  24 

•         T  -:i-         7  ••  -  ,  T»T;i\,  V   •■  f  r    ■  j-fr  '  :  H    t    :     • 

DH^riJ  r^r^'^^   :  '^r\^  "nienb  rni  iniij^n  •  pn'ri   ii2X-nxi  vn^^-n^^  ns 

V    ••    :  «    :  r  -  rr   •••  rr  t  :  k.  t  :  :     •    :        P    j-  t  i  a    •  v  ;  «   t 

nirtJnn'i  )kh^  inaJi^i  Dii^n  D'^S'iny 

it       :  •  1  :  rt    :    •  ;  »t  T  i  r  •  -: 

CHAPTER   III.    i\ 

•ittb^^i  d^n'bi^  r\^r\^  rto  n©w>5  nit?n  r^n  Sb^  t:^*i5?  n^^n  irnrn'i  » 

A  v.  JT  J  VT  t  iV    -:  V      T      -  J-     -  •  T  JT     T  T  T      -    :        fiV 

^'m7\^   \  m  f 2?  bb-a  ^ss^n   b^b   a^h'bs^   n'ai{-'i3   jin:    r4'i{n-bb5  2 

/  -  I  it    -         ;    )  V     •  :  I  J  •        v:  j-    T        r  '  -<  r     •   jt  v 

prrijins  npij;  pn  "^ns^a^   jbs^D  pn-n  ^nc^  rn:n-b&5  mri^n  3 

'  T    -       <       I    .  J.     .        I    ••    T  J-   :     ■  I"  I,,    .      J    J..  J-    ;     •  -SIT    -  V  »t    •    rr 

^:c:^'l^    :  l^n-an-]??    in    ^3?5n   s^bi    ^^is-a    ^br^^n   ^b   D^ii'bs*   "itt«  4 

'  '       I     ••.     :       '  V  A  V   :     •  i  :  v     •  :  i  <  •        v:  j-   r 

QDbDi^,  Di-15  'li  n^Kbs*  :p^s  13   :  rT\*av\  ni-a-^b  r.^i?n-bi5  \tn3n  n 

J  •  ■    "^       •  .  ■  •         V!         -  J"  •«  ;       ,     ..     .  V  I  at    ■    it  V  »tt    - 

T         it  .   j  it  t  '  V    :  I  •  !••  v     •     :  r  AV    ••     f  t  ':    ;  •  :  v    • 

b-^birnb  )r:5?n  nansi  n:r::?b  i5^n-n\vn  ^di  bbi^iob  virn  nrj  ^s 

'  ^  <T    :  •.   :  ■  -      ••  rr  j  t    -;  i-  j.  ;  t    -:  i-  :  7     ••    t  j" 

^T^.  ^^npsni   J  by!k^^  "n^v  rn©^iJ5b-Da  fnnn  bjxn]  r^^'^r^  n;p.ni  7 

I  >-.  t  »  -:i--  t    ••    :  J"  -:  .     .  .  ,_  ^..  ^  ._      ,..  ,.  .j--  ...    ..    ; 

^p:^  K;np^i   :  i^n  ri?   ^ira  ti'^Hb^   nirr^   ^2Ba   intx^   o^nxn  9 

/T       .  /T'.  /IT   -         >  ^•'  '       V    :  •        •.•!  JT       :  •■    :     •  :     •   ;  t    t   it 

lan  '^ns^atg   ?|bp-n«   nai^^'i   :  n3^«  ib  n^^^^i    D^ri^n-bs*   tD-^n'bx  n 

AT  .      V         T  y  '    •    'I  V  -  T  |...     -  V  ■..  /   -  /,T     r      IT  V  «  V! 

T    AT  \  I'  '    :  J"      •  •«  -  I"     T     I"  T  •   V      T  /         •.  r  >T  •   IT 


p-'.iu  ^nx  WT  V.  25. 


EXERCISES    IN    READING.        '  51 

13 -i^«^i    tbsii^n    V3>n-p  '^^-reni    Nin  ^^tJS'  nnns    "n»«  nuj^^n 

~  I"       rr  I    V   T      /    •  I'         T    :  IT  -r  •     t   •  t  j-t  jv  -.-  t    •    rr 

^^a^^m  T»nsn  nfe^^n  'iiai^ni   tr^w:>  ir\)k^"r\i2  rnrxb  n^n'b^^  nirr^ 

•      V~  •       •  /TT      -  T      •      IT  V  -  *•    T  J  -  »T     •    IT  -J-  VI  IT  : 

14  hr^^  ^"^it!^  htk^  t^'^w  'IS  cnsn-bi^  i  a'lnpi^  nin*!  n-a^^i  :  bDi^i 

T     -  <      T  T  J"    T  <•  T  T      -  V  J-  V:  T  :  V  -  I"  IT 

<••    :  T  S-  /T  T    :  I  ••       ..  J  I  ;  ;  -  ^..      T       _  J-     _  ^        .  T      ..      ,       _  ^       . 

AT  :  -  '    J-  »'-::-         /    /••  t    •    it  '    j-  ' :      i-  •    t  jt      ••  :  '    r.*  - 

-   T  JT    •    IT         •-•  h"  t  /»  :  IT  -  :  J '  :       I  :  « 

trnp^cn  ?rT2J''i5-bi5i  n^2i  -'"ibn  nsr^^a  ^bhm  ^sinsrs?  h^^a^  nann 

'    ••  *T      J    :         /    .•       .  ...  :  K  r  j-  :   i-  v  vv  :         '  ••       i"  :         'j"  :    •  •■•  :    -  <t  :    - 

i^Ss^ni  ^r\m  bipb  r\^)2iD  ^^  ^m  nn«bi       o       iit^n-bm'-^  ^^n^i 

-  —         I    :•     :     •  Ij  :        T   :    -    T         J-  -    t  jt  t  :  '  rr  t    :  •  v  : 

t  T   -:  it  <t  -:  AV    •  v"  f  "  i        .     .    .  ,„   -.         I     ..   ^      I    . 

la  ?fb  n'^^^n  ^'j^'i)  yijpi   :  ^r^^i^^n  ^15^  bb  nsbDb^n   "jin^ra  Tj'n^n^i 
19  -b«  inniTi?  15'  DnS   bsi^n  'ri^m  nrra   :  r^n    nte5>-nb5  nbDi^i 

'   :       1  <-  V  V  -        ji  '      V    -  .c-  ••    ;  r.*   T    -  V  /••  V  »T  :  -  IT  : 

^  ss^"ip^i    J  '2wr\  ^&2?"bi5i   nr\^  ^•d^-^'d  nnpb  ns-E-Q   ^'d  nian^^n 

JTf:    •    -  I       T  »T    T  V    :  T      -  JT   T  !•  T      ;    MT  •..  T      IV       •  <•  T    T     ":  JT 

T       :  rr        T  i-  >t  :    it  r  •<•  at  -  i     :     •  /••         »    t  r    rr 

22  I  niai^^i         s         :  Dmb'^i   ni5>  ntnD  intJi^b^  d^ia^b   n'^h'ba^ 

V       J  -  ,  i"    •   ; V  J     :  r  7      :     •    :  it  t  :  •        v: 

inns^i  5?*!^  nii3  ns^'ib  ^nis-a  ^n^s  n^n  b'^i^n  p  D^n'bi^  nirr^ 

JT  -  :  AT  t  J  -  V-  T  V    •  J-    -  :  T    T  T    T    it        »  <"  •         v:  JT       : 

23  ^nnbtj'^i   :  dbi^b  ^n^  bsb^i   D^^nn  y^^  oa    npbi   i'l^  nbi»'^-'}&- 

T-  :    -  :  r-  jt      :  /-  t  <-  t  :  •    -   i-        I  j-  ■•  ^«  '-  t  ;  t  j"    :  •      '  v 

24  Tcn^^'i   t  DTS^a  npb  ^m  n^'ii^n-n^  ^h2?b  ps^-p-a   ts'^n'bi^  nir.:* 

V  it  :  I-  IT    •  Tv"  \  r:  ■:  t  t    -:  jt  •;  ":  r-         '  v  a"      '  -     •  x        '■"•  n       ' 


Masoretic  Notes  Explained. 

^mn^  'n     .     .  .     .     Large  Beth. 

i^^^5>r  'n     .     .  .     .     Small  He. 

pni^  ^ni5  12J:\^     .     .  ,     .     Daghesh  after  Shurek. 


VOCABULARY. 


ak  n.  m.  (const.  ^3^5 ,  pi.  trh^) 

father 
pk  n.  m.  f.  stone 
"li^  n.  m.  mist,  vapour 
D^i<  n.  m.  man,  Adam 

T     T  ' 

*^^^^.  n.  f.  ground,  earth 

fnnij  n.  m.  Aaron 

^^'^^  adv.  perhaps 

ni«   V.    K.    (imp.    "liX)    N.   to 

shine.     H.  to  cause  to  shine, 

give  light 
tiii^  n.  m.  f.  (ini)  sign 
'ini^  num.  one 

T     V 

•1^^.  adv.  (suf.  i^«)  inhere  7 

T\y^)^_  n.  f.  emnity 

y%  (const.  X"^)  nothing,  there 
is  not  or  ivas  not 

t^^,  n.  m.  (Q^'fcjs:,  n^t}^^)  ?nan, 
husband 

bbif  V.  K.  to  cat,  devour.  N. 
Pu.  to  be  eaten.  H.  to  cause 
to  cat 

nbDX  n.  i.food 

bs?  adv.  not,  gives  an  impera- 
tive sense  to  the  apoc.  future 


"b^  prep,  to,  unto 

'IJ'i^^  commonly  in  the  pi.  D%nbiJ 

n.  m.  God 
57i?"^b^  n.  m.  Elisha 
Di^  n.  f.  (niriic)  mother 
U)^   adv.    if,    in   a   disjunctive 

question  c\'  J 
yq^   V.  K.   to  say.      N.  to  he 

said.      H.  ^0  cause  to  say. 

Hith.  ^0  talk  of  one^s  self 
^Di5 ,  ""pb^J  pron.  / 
?]5<  n.  m.  (D^Bi^)  nostril 
STji^  conj.  also,  even         £^1^1 1 
Wani^  num./o?/r    iny<35vk> 
f^il^.-with   art.  f'iNtn  n.  m.  f. 

(ni)  earth,  land 
n'lJ^  V.  K.  P.  ^0  curse.      N.  Ho. 

-      T 

to  be  cursed. 
n-^x  n.  f.  (const,  ncx ,  pi.  D'^ij) 

looman,  ivife 
l^lljj?  n.  Assyria 
"lij^   pron.  ?rAo,  icJiich  ;    conj. 

^Aa^,  because 
n&5  sign  of  the  definite  object 
nrii<  pron.  Mo?^ 


VOCABULARY. 


53 


a  prep,  in,  into,  loith 

^55  n.  Babylon 

155  n.  m.  garment 

^a  n.  m.  (i'^a)  sejyaration.    i^Db 

in  his  separation,  i.  e.  alone 
^13  V.  H.  ^0  separate,  divide. 

N.  ^0  6e  separated 
nb'lil  n.  hdelliiun 
^nia  n.  m.  emptiness 
rraH^  n.  f.  beast,  cattle 

i5ia  V.  K.  (flit.  «ih;)  ifo  co7?ze, 

come  in.   H.  ^0  cause  to  come, 

bring.     Ho.  /o  6e  brought 
©is  V.  K.  (fut.  tih:!)  Hith.  ^0 

6e   ashamed.      H.    ^0   make 

ashained 
^n^  K.  ^0  choose.      N.    ^0    6e 

c/i05en 
l"^!?!  prep,  betioeen 
DH^  tT'il  n.  Bethlehem 
^Tb^  adV^.  ?jo^;  prep,  except 
15  n.  m.  50?z ;    pi.    0^53   sons, 

children 
JlDa  V.  K.  to  build.     N.  ^0  ^e 

T     T 

built 
■^^ni^la  prep,  on  account  of 
*^J?3  n.  m.  7norning 
^5^5  V.  K.  /fo  create.     N.  ^0  &e 

?|n|  V.  K.  P.  ^0  bless.     N.  Pu. 

^0  6e  blessed.     Hith.  ^0  6Ze55 

07ie'5  self 
"im  n.  m.  flesh 

na  n.  f.  (suf.  "^n^,  pi.  nib) 

daughter 


bi'ij  adj.  ^rea^ 
"jinj  n.  m.  6eZ/y 
lirr^a  n.  m.  Gihon 
D5  conj.  also 
'jS  n.  m.  (Q''35)  garden 
tDna  V.  K.  P.  to  drive  out.     N. 
Pu.  to  be  driven  out 

pn'n  V.  K.  (pret.  e  in  pause, 
fut.  a)  to  cleave,  adhere. 
H.  to  cause  to  cleave.  Ho. 
to  be  caused  to  cleave 

t%y^  n.  i.  fish 

t\^W  n.  f.  likeness 

"^^^  n.  m.  thistle 

X}/}.  n.  m.  f.  way,  journey 

^"^"^  V.  K.  to  spring  up,  said 
of  grass.  H.  to  cause  to 
spring  up,  bring  forth  grass 

^W  n.  m.  grass 

•n  art.  the 

n  sign  of  interrogation 

i5^n  m.  i5^,n,  ^^r\  f.  Ae,  ^/ie,  2V, 
that 

n^Jl  V.  K.  /o  be.     N.  /o  become 

l(iT\  or  tf?;*  V.  K.  P.  to  go. 
H.  ^0  corz^^e  to  go.  Hith.  ^0 
go  for  one^s  self,  icalk  about 

in,  r<in  int.  (suf.  '^bpn)  Zo.'  be- 
hold! 

tjsn  V.  K.  to  turn,  change. 
N.  Ho.  to  be  turned.  Hith. 
/o  turn  one'^s  self 

■ji*^*!!!  n.  m.  conception 


54 


VOCABULARY. 


I  conj.  and 

riTm.  T\^1  f.  bjj5,  n^i  pi.   this^ 

these 
nflT  n.  m.  gold 
"iSt  n.  m.  male 

T  T 

nbr  n.  f.  (n?T)  A-i^ea/ 

2?nT  V.   K.  to  sow.      N.  Pii.   to 

be    sown.       H.    ^o    j)^'^^^^^ 

seed 
V*)\  n,  m.  5eec? 

xnn  V.  H.  ^0  Airfe.  Pu.  Ho.  to 
he  hid.  N.  Hith.  .to  hide 
one's  self 

rnii^n  n.  f.  opron 

bjy°nlri  n.  ni.  Hiddekel,  Ti- 
gris 

Tt^'^'in  n.  f.  Havilah 

^T]  adj.  (J^^n)  living 

n^n  11.  f.  (paragog.  vowel  irT^ir)) 
life^  living  things  beast 

"'''n  V.  K.  to  live 

-      T 

D'^'^n  n.  m.  pi.  life 

lisn  V.  K.  P.  to  desire.     N.  to 

be  desired 
'lic-i'an  num.  ffth 
n")n  n.  f.  (ni)  sivord 
^TKH  n.  m.  darkness 

nil3  adj.  ;g^ooc? 

0*115  ^dv.  ?io^  yet^  before 

niBS;^,  im&a;]  adj.  f.  dry  land 
^^i  n.  f.  hand 


*$"y^  V.  K.  to  know.  N.  ^o  6e 
hiown.  H.  ^0  caif5e  ^0  k?iow, 
to  ?nake  known.  Ho.  to  be 
made  known.  Hith.  to  make 
one^s  self  knoiim 

nin^  n.  m.  Jehovah 

W  n.  m.  {"cra"^)  day 

srjp^'i  n.  m.  Joseph 

"lis"'  V.  K.  to  bear.     N.  Pu.  Ho. 

—  T 

to  be  born.  H.  to  cause  to 
bear.  Hith.  to  represent 
one's  self  as  born^  i.  e.  have 
one's  name  recorded  in  gen- 
ealogical lists 

^^V     SeetJ^n 

D;  n.  m.  (D^ti;;)  sea 

i^lfi^  V.  K.  to  go  out,  go  forth. 
H.  to  cause  to  go  forth,  brnng 
forth.  Ho.  to  be  brought 
forth 

ni;'  K.  (fut.  "i^"^'^:!)  to  form.  N. 
Pu.  Ho.  to  be  formed 

^T,  V.  K.  to  fear.  N.  to  be 
feared.  P.  to  cause  to  fear, 
terrify 

''"^-'^yi  n.  m.  Jerubbaal,  Gideon 

i'n'^'y}  n.  f.  Jericho 

Y>y_  n.  m.  greenness 

bknic;'  n.  in.  ZsraeZ 

'jfc;'  V.  K.  (fut.  1©^'')  to  sleep. 
P.  ^0  caz«5e  to  sleep 

S  prep,  according  to,  as 
T»i?  V.  K.  P.  to  subdue.     N.  ^0 
be  subdued 


VOCABULARY. 


55 


;iDi3  n.  m.  star 

T 

Tl?^3  n.  m.  Gush 

^ir^^  n.  m.  Cushite^  Ethiopian 

^S  conj.  that^  because^  for.   ^^  5]i5 

is  it  even  so  that 
bb  n.  m.  (1^5)  «^^3  every ^  the  whole 
np3  V.  K.  ^0  co;?^e  to  an  end. 

P.  to  finish.   Vu.to  he  finished 
13  adv.  50  ;  "JS  b;?  therefore 
1??3  n.  Canaan 
5133  n.  f.  ir^io- 
2^*15  n.  m.  cherub 
nsro ,  npns  n.  f.  coat^  tunic 

b  prep,  to.,  for 

i^^  adv.  ?io^ 

mb  or  lJ3ib  K.  (fut.  a)  /o  put  on, 

wear,  be  clothed  with.     H.  to 

cause   to  put  on,   to   clothe. 

Pu.  to  be  clothed 
tinb  n.  m.  flame 
^bint.  Oif!  O  that  ! 
DJlb  n.  m.  i.  food,  bread 
b';b  n.  m.  (rii)  rti^A^ 
npb  V.  K.  to  take,  talce  away. 

N.  Pu.  Ho.  to  be  taken 

1^12  n.  might ;  adv.  mightily, 
very  ;  nm  IbiiaS  ?^i^A  wz^/i^ 
o/*  might,  exceedingly 

"lifi<^  n.  m.  (D^  and  ni)  /z^/i^, 
lumi?iary 

bh^)Z  n.  m.food 

ni2  pron.  i^j/ia^  ?  whatever  ; 
n^S  /or  ?^^a^  ?   ivherefore  ? 


li?i^  n.  m.  (D"^.  and  3ni)  season 
r\ra  y.K.  to  die.     P.  H.  ^o  caw^e 

^0  die,  kill.     Ho.  ^o  6e  killed, 

put  to  death 
"yo*g  v.H.  to  cause  to  rain.     N. 

to  be  rained  upon 
'^p  pron.  who  ?  whoever 
D^ia  n.  m.  pi.  water 
)^*Q  n.  m.  species,  kind 
^%  V.  K.  to  fill  or  be  full.     P. 

^0  ^//.       N.  Pu.  to  be  filled. 

Hith.  to  complete  each  other 
nSi^b^  n.  f.  (const,  t^^i^b^,  suf. 

ihDNbti)  work 
nbljm  n.  f.  (const,  nbfe^^)  (/o- 

m^inion,  rule 
XQ  prep,  /rom,  oz^^  of      yd^  id. 

b  D"!]^^  071  the  east  of 
^Tq  v.  K.   /o  /?^6^.      N.  to  be 

found.     H.  ^0  cause  to  find 
tT'hra  n.  ^^y/»if 
n^fp'a  n.  m.  gathering  together, 

collection 
Dip's  n.  m.  f.  (fii)  place 
riij'^l'a  n.  m.  sight,  appearance 
bir^  V.  K.  to  rule,  with  3  before 

its  object.      H.    to    cause  to 

rule 

^J  particle  of  entreaty,  noxo,  I 

pray  thee 
"lij  V.  H.  to  tell.     Ho.  to  be  told 
"I53  prep,  before,  over  against. 

^55 3     corresponding     to,    a 

counterpart 


56 


VOCABULARY. 


I5?ip  V.  K.  to  tovch^  with  S  be- 
fore its  object.  P.  to  touch 
with  violence  J  to  smite.  N. 
Pu.  to  he  smitten.  H.  to 
touch  or  cause  to  touch 

'nnj  n.  m.  (D"^.  and  rii)  river 

n^D  V.  K.  to  rest.  H.  n^bn  or 
in'^sn  to  cause  to  restj  jjut. 
place.  Ho.  to  be  caused  to 
rest 

nb  n.  m.  Noah 

TOnj  n.  m.  serpent 

2>ij  V.  K.  to  plant.  N.  to  be 
planted 

nsj  V.  K.  H.  to  breathe,  blow. 
Pu.  to  be  blown 

bsj  V.  K.  to  fall.  H.  to  cause 
to  fall,  throw  doion.  Hith. 
to  throw  ojie^s  self  down 

tJBD  n.  in.  f.  (a'',  and  mi)  soul^ 

life 

nspj  n.  f.  female 

N^    V.  H.  to  deceive.     N.  to  be 

T 

deceived 

Q^iTD  see  nfei< 

■    T  T       • 

n'btr:  n.  f.  ftreai/i 

T     T  : 

inj  V.  K.  to  give,  put.  N.  Ho. 
to  be  given 

nno   V.  K.  N.  p.   ifo   tnrn   in- 

—    T 

trans.,  surround.     H.  ^o  /z/r?? 
trans.     Ho.  to  he  turned 
^yo  V.  K.  P.  to  shut  up,  deliv- 
er.     N.   Pu.    to  be  shut  up. 
H.  to  cause  to  shut  up 


^ny  V.  K.  to  serve,  work,  till. 

N.  Pu.  /o  be  served.     H.  to 

cause   to    serve.     Ho.    to    he 

caused  to  serve 
^:^  prep,  unto,  until 
ni?  n.  Eden 

DpiS?  n.    m.  eternity,  antiquity 
t^V  n.  n\.  fowl,  birds 
':\rj!  V.  K.  P.  to  fly.      Hith.  ^o 

fly  aioay 
lis?  n.  m.  (ni)  shin 
IIV  V.    K.    to   leave,  forsake. 

N.  Pu.  to  he  forsaken 
^iti?  n.  m.  help 

or  before  the  eyes  of 
DTO  n.  m.  naliedness,  naked 
bs?  prep,  ore?',  ?«po?i 
Tvp^  V.  K.   ^0   ^0    up.      H.    ^0 

cause   to  go  2ip,  bring   up. 

N.  Ho.    to    be    brought   up. 

Hith.  to  lift  one^s  self  up 
nplf  n.  ni.  leaf 
n"^^  see  "d^ySi 

T  T 

D5?  prep.  (''iziS?  or  "Girls')  i£7i7/i 
nD?  n.  m.  (ni)  (/z/5^ 
"fS?  n.  m.  ifree 
isy  n.  ni.  pain,  sorrow 
'jiisiS'  n.  m.  /^ai/i,  sorrow 
DSJ?  n.  m.  f.  (D\  (fc  ni)  ho7ie 
nplP  n.  m.  (D\  ifc  ni)  /ice/ 
n*;^i^  n.  m.  f.  (ni)  evening 
Din?  adj.  (n^n?^)  ?za^'ec? 
D'^^'lIJ  adj.  dinning,  subtle 
ntoi?  n.  ni.  (ni)  herh 


VOCABULARY. 


57 


tiW  V.  K.  to  do,  make,  produce. 

N.  Pu.  to  be  done,  made 
nril?  adv.  now 

'JiZJ^'S)  n.  m.  Fison 
D^ni^bs    n.  m.   pi.    the   Philis- 
tines 
"IS  conj.  lest,  that  not 
n^33  n.  m.  pi. /ace;  ^isb  m  the 
face   of,   before;    ^':m  from 
the  face  of,  from  before 
D^i?  n.  m.  f.  (D\  and  ni)  time 
nJ5S  V.  K.  to   open.      N.  to  be 

opened 
"rnS  V.  K.  p.  H.   to  separate, 
part.      N.  Pu.  to  be  parted. 
Hith.  to  separate  one^s  self, 
part  from  one  another 
nSs  V.  K.  to  be  fruitful.     H.  to 

m.a'ke  fruitful 
'^^IS  n.  m.  fruit 
fins  n.  m.  Euphrates 

Ss*i|  11.  m.  (a\  and  ni)  host 
•^"2  V.  p.  to  command.     Vw.  to 

be  commanded 
uyi  n.  m.  image 
^"j^  n.  f.  (const.  ^b^_,  n\   and 

S^i)  6-zt/e,  n6 
ni2if  V.  K.  p.   ^0  5proz^if,  5//oo^ 

forth.        H.     ^0     ca7/5e     ^o 

sprout 

D^lj?  n.  m.  ea5^ 
nb^P  n.  f.  ea^if 

3* 


tj"l]p  V.  K.  (pret.  e  in  pause,  fut. 
a)  to  be  holy.  P.  H.  to  make 
holy,  halloio,  sanctify.  N. 
Pu.  to  be  sanctified.  Hith. 
to  sa7ictify  one^s  self 

?"0j?  V.  N.  to  be  gathered  to- 
gether 

bip  n.  m.  (mi)  voice,  sound 

fip  n.  m.  thorn 

1'^i?;  151?  (^1^1?)  adj.  little,  small 
^^^  V.  K.  to  call.     N.  Pu.  ifo 
be  called 

nkn  V.  K.  (fut.  with  Vav  b^"l^) 

<fo   see.      N.  Pu.  ^  6e  seen. 

H.    ^0    ca2^5e   ^    see,   show. 

Ho.  ifo  6e   shoivn.     Hith.  ^ 

Zoo^  a^  one  another 
m-^  n.  m.  (D^io«^)  head,  soiirce 
tt'W^'l  n.  f.  beginning 
•ni'1  V.  K.  to  be  many,  multiply 

intrans.       P.    H.    (inf.     abs. 

•"'?*>r})  to  make  many,  tnulti- 

ply  trans. 
"'i^^n'l  imm.  fourth 
ri"'l  V.  K.  to  rule,  have  dominion 
"nT^  n.  in.  f.  (ni)   breath,  ivind, 

Spirit 

v^n^  V.  P.  to  brood,  hover  over 

to'n  V.  K.  to  creep 

W^^  n.m.  creeping  thing,  reptile 

5? J  adj.  (nij-i)  evil 

I 
^''p'l  n.  m..  finnameiit 


n^irin.  m.  (D\  andrii)^e/(^ 


58 


VOCABULARY 


WW  or  D"^Tp  V.  K.  H.   fo  place. 

Ho.  to  be  placed 
n'^to  n.  m.  bush,  shnib 
bilD  V.  K.  to  be  loise.     P.  to  act 

-      T 

loisely.      H.   to  nuikc  ivlse, 
act  wiseli/ 


''l^ili©  num.  seventh 
T\$ytt  num.  seven 

T    : 

Qii^ntp  num.  seventy 

t\2tt  V.  K.  (fut.  0  and  «)  /o  re^/, 

cease,   Iceep  sabbath.      H.  /o 

cause  to  rest  or  cease.     N.  /o 

/;(?  ca2ised  to  cease 
riaw  n.  m.  f.  (const.  ri2T^,   suf. 

inaiS)  Sabbath 
fiJl^  n.  m.  o;?y:r 
n^lD  V.  K.  ^0  re^z«r/i.    P.  H.  to 

cause  to  retttr7i,  brmg  back. 

Pu.  Ho.  to  be  brought  bach 
t^tt  V.  K.  to  bruise,  crush 
tT^lp  V.  K.  to  put.    Ho.  to  be  put 
•jDtD  V.  K.  (pret.  e  in  pause)  to 

dwell.      P.   H.    ^0   cause    to 

dwell,  to  station 
npiB   K.    P.    H.    ^0    se7id,   put 

forth,  let  go.     N.  Pa.  to  be 

sent 
^ti^hi:  num.  third 
mcbizJ  num.  three 


DTP  adv.  /Acre  ;  ntiTS  /AiVAer 

T  /  T      T 

D©  n.  m.  (ni)  name 

'ik'^'-aw  n.  m.  Samuel 

D'^^tj  n.  m.  pi.  heaven 

yi3tC  V.  K.  /o  Aear,  with'a  direct 

-       T  J 

object  or  with  3.    N.   to   be 
,     heard.    P.  H.  to  cause  to  hear 
Hil^  n.  f.  (D"^.  and  tli)  year 
■^'DtD  num.  second 
0*^3  ip  m.  D^J^tp  f.  num.  two 
M|5T5  V.  H.  to  cause  to  drink,  to 

icater.     Pu.  to  be  watered 
■j^ntD  V.  iv.  to  creep,  teem-  with, 

increase  abundantly 
yi^  n.  ni.  creeping  thing,  rep- 
tile 
^'m  num.  sixth 

"^T^^y^  n-  f-  desire 

r6^V\  n.  f.  {n^ ,)  fig-tree 

^np  n.  m.  desolateness 

Dinn  n.  m.  f.  (rii)   ocean,   the 

deep 
tfiri  n.  m.  midst 
'*TIT^'^  n-  f-  generation 
nrir)  prep,  under,  instead  of 
X^ir\  n.  m.  sea-7nonster 

^Sr\  V.  K.  P.   i^O  5626* 

•^^'il^'f?  ^'  f-  c^eep  5/ee/J 
Mj^^TSin  n.  f.  desire 


GEAMMATICAL   TABLES. 


I.     The  Letters,  §1. 


Order. 

Forms  and  Equivalents. 

Names. 

Eabbinical 
Alphabet. 

Numerical 
values. 

1 

K 

J 

?bjk 

Aleph 

1 

2 

n 

Bh/B 

rr^a 

Beth 

3 

2 

3 

:\ 

Gh,  G 

^^''^ 

Gi'-mel 

*     X 

3 

4 

n 

Dh,  D 

'.'     T 

DaMeth 

7 

4 

5 

n 

H 

i5n 

He 

Xi 

5 

6 

n 

V 

11 

Vav 

\ 

6 

7 

T 

Z 

rt 

Zayin 

1 

7 

8 

n 

Hh 

n"^)! 

Hheth 

P 

8 

9 

t2 

T 

n-^p 

Teth 

P 

9 

10 

1 

Y 

li*^ 

Yodh 

♦ 

10 

11 

5  n 

Kh,  K 

n? 

Kaph 

1  = 

20 

12 

b 

L 

V   T 

La'-medh 

i 

30 

13 

12   D 

M 

D^ 

Mem 

Dr 

40 

14 

3    1 

N 

1^5 

Nun 

i^ 

50 

15 

D 

S 

5?? 

Sa'-mekh 

P 

60 

16 

y 

( 

r^ 

Ayin 

r> 

70 

17 

5D   51 

Ph,  P 

«3 

Pe 

^5 

80 

18 

Sf 

Ts 

••      T 

Tsa'-dhe 

T^ 

90 

19 

P 

K 

^ip 

Koph 

r 

100 

20 

"1 

H 

125^^ 

Resh 

■? 

200 

21 

t> 

Sh,  s 

r^ 

Shin 

t 

300 

22 

n 

Th,  T 

in 

Tav 

p 

400 

II.     Classification  of  the  Letters,  §2. 


Guttarals,  «  n  n  r 
Palatals,  ^  ^  :>  p 
Linguals,  T  t:  b  D  n 
Dentals,  T  o  s  i» 
Labials,  n  1  "a  B 
•1  shares  the  pecuUarities 
of  the  Gutturals. 


Weak, 
Medium, 

Strong, 


2. 

i5  n    1  "^  Vowel-Letters. 

i^  n  n  3?  Guttiu-als. 

b  t)    s  n  Liquids. 

T  0  2  12?  Sibilants. 


Aspirates  and 
Mutes. 


Serviles  nbDl  rw)2  'jni^.    Radicals  the  rest  of  the  Alphabet. 


The    Points,  §4. 


Long  Vowels^ 

Ka'mets  a  ^ 
Tse're  e " 
Hholem  o  ^ 


Sho7't  Voioels. 

Pattahh  a  ~ 

Seghol  e  — 

Ka'mets-Hhatuph  o  -v 


Doubtful  Vowels. 

Hhi'rik    ~     i  or  i 
Shu'rek  - 
Kib'buts  T 


u  or  u 


Pronounce  d  as  in  father,  a  as  in  fat,  e  as  in  there,  e  as  in  met,  I  as  in 
machine,  K  as  in  pin,  o  as  in  note,  6  as  in  not,  €i  as  in  rule,  u  as  mfuU. 

^  7.     Simple  Sli Va  —  silent  or  vocal. 

r  Hhateph-Pattahh  -  ;  thus  "im  "modh. 
Compound  J  Hhateph-Seghol   -r;  thus  ^bi?^  'mor, 
\  Hhateph-Kamets  ~ ;  thus   ^"^^  °nl. 

§  8.  Pattahh-furtive  ^  with  5^,  n  or  ?n  at  the  end  of 
words. 

§11.   Daghesh-lene  in  S  5  1  D  5   n  removes  aspiration. 

§  12.  Daghesh-forte  doubles;  not  found  in  i^  n  n  5?, 
rarely  in  "^ . 

§  13.   Mappik  in  final  ^  when  a  consonant. 

§  14.  Rapha  --  opposite  of  Daghesh-lene,  Daghesh- 
forte,  or  Mappik. 

§  20.    Makkeph  (")  connects  words. 

§  21.   Methegh  —  second  syllable  before  the  accent. 


III.     Personal  Pronouns,  §  23. 


8INGULAE. 

PLTJEAL. 

1. 

I              ^5b«,  '^DJSJ                We 

wbif},   wi,   li^t 

2. 

f  Thou  ^/^.  nn^ ,   nb?                 Ye  ^;^. 

DPi? 

(Thou/     ni?,'^^^?               Ye/. 

^n^,  njps? 

8 

j  He            a5in                        They  m. 

C3n,  n^n 

t/. 

1  She           ^^T),  i^in  §  22.  3.  They  / 

Suffixes. 

iri,  ^10 

Simple.        With  union  Vowels  of  VerT)s.         With  Sing.  Nouns.        With  Dual  and 

1  c. 

"^h  ^.     ■•?.        ^^..    '^?...    0?-) 

1 

pi. 

?li             ^5             1^5       ^3 

T 

^3..  0=,) 

^3\. 

2  m. 

^("^)  aj    a)  5..-  G?...) 

n,  a.) 

T... 

pi 

DD 

35, 

D?\. 

2/ 

^OP)     ^.  ,n,..     ^.. 

^.. 

M\ 

pi 

1? 

1?, 

i?r. 

3  m. 

^n        ^n^  ,i   in..    13. _.  («..) 

i  (ri,  in..)    t^,  On\.,''ni) 

pi 

D(i)3)     D^  ,D.     D.. 

D 

T 

Q^?^.  0*^^.) 

3/. 

n         ?:i          n    na 

T                              —            T                                    TV                    TV 

T 

n*' 

T        •.' 

pi 

U"?)   1,        I. 

T. 

V\ 

Demonstrative. 

Masc.  Fern.  Common. 

Sing,  nr  (it)     nu^r  (it,  nr)  ^f/^^>.      Plur.  bj;?,  n^ik  z/^^^^. 

Relative. 

"iT^is:  «(;yJ.o  or  wliicli ;  abbreviated  form  't  (•!»,  15,  u?) 

Interrogative  and  Indefinite. 
^13  ?^?/^o  .-^  or  whoever,     Tsfi  what  ?  or  whatever. 

Verbs. — Their  Species,  §  24. 

1.  Simple  act.        Kal  b^p  to  MIL 

2.  "     pass.      Niphal 

3.  Intensive  act.     Piel 

4.  "        pass.  Pual 

5.  Causative  act.    Hiphil 


bt?;:?  to  be  hilled. 
btbp  to  kill  many  or  ^fo  massacre. 
biDp  ^0  /5/?  massacred. 


6.  "         pass.  Hophal      b^j^n  to  he  caused  to  kill. 

7.  Reflexive  Hithpael btsptin  to  kill  ones  self. 


- 

IV.     Paradigm  oi 

KAL. 

NIPUAL. 

PIEL. 

PUAL. 

Fret. 

3??i. 

^?. 

5^!?? 

5^tQP 

i^P. 

3/. 

~^^5 

nbtpj:? 

fl^tpp 

nbtop 

2  m. 

nbtp 

T  :    -'r 

nbiip? 

^^^I? 

^bibp 

2/ 

rhhp 

:  :  — 't 

r^b^!?? 

nb^p 

^^^P 

1   c. 

"nbap 

^^nb^pD 

'^bt^P 

^nbfap 

Plur. 

3  c. 

:  'IT 

*t?p? 

^btpp 

*tpp 

2  m. 

Cl^ftil^ 

csnbtipp 

Dnb^p 

CJjnbt^p 

2/ 

i^f^r? 

l^^^i?? 

inb^p 

■jinbtop 

1   c. 

^^15 

^5bibpD 

^Dbibp 

^5b^p 

Infin. 

absol. 

bibu 

biipri 

btip 

blip 

FUT. 

constr. 

btbj^ 

>^)?n 

^^2 

■(^^1?) 

3  m. 

btbp^ 

btDp^ 

••  Ir  • 

biop^ 

b^p^ 

3/. 

btij^n 

bipn 

•■It    • 

^*^p^ 

bbpn 

2  VI. 

btbj^n 

btbpn 

"It    • 

btopn 

biopn 

2/ 

^bi^i^n 

^btpjjn 

^btfpn 

^5tppn 

1  c. 

btifpi^ 

bibpi< 

"ir  V 

^^E^ 

^^pJ^ 

Plur, 

3  m. 

*^i?: 

^btop^ 

:  liT» 

^btop:^ 

^^p!' 

3/ 

n^btipn 

T  :      ':    • 

HDbbpn 

T  :    "It    • 

nsbtopn 

T  :    "»—   : 

njbi^pri 

2  ??i. 

^btppn 

^bppn 

^btppn 

^bt^pn 

2/ 

nibtipn 

T  :      ':    • 

n^btpn 

T  :    "It    • 

njbtopn 

nsbiopn 

T  :   — '•.,  : 

1   c. 

^^I?? 

bf3S3 

"It* 

bibpn 

?^top5 

btop5 

Imper. 

2  m. 

bbfp 

2/ 

^btpp 

^'btipn 

•     :  liT   • 

^btpp 

Plur. 

2  7?l. 

fep 

fepn 

:  liT  • 

^btpp 

wanting 

2/ 

»^.5btip 

n:bt)pn 

T  ;      -Ir    • 

iiDbtpp 

Part. 

ac^. 

btbp 

biop^ 

pass. 

b^i:p 

^^P? 

b^p^^ 

Perfect  Verbs,  ^  24. 

HirmL. 

HOPHAL. 

niTHPAEL. 

*e:al  (w2<7.  c). 

KAL  (77ii{?.  o). 

b-tppn 

^m 

btbpnn 

lis 

••  T 

bDir 

T     •  *:    • 

nSapn 

nbt^pnn 

T  :  IT 

nbiDii: 

n^ipn 

^bispri 

nbDpnn 

T  :  — T 

nbiir 

nbbpri 

J^bt^pr; 

ribbpnn 

n^is 

nb'D^ 

^^r^p»7 

'^nbtipri 

^pibtbgriri 

^nniiD 

^nbiiir 

^b^^pn 

*r:pn 

: ':    T 

iibtppnn 

il123 

iiblj^z: 

Dtibtipri 

nnbtopn 

onbT^prin 

Dnin? 

(Dnb^td) 

l^btopn 

ipibtipri 

V  :  — ':    T 

"(r^ib^pnri 

W^^ 

(l^r?^) 

^Dbt:pri 

^jbiipn 

:  — ':    T 

^2b6pnn 

:  — T 

:       T 

biDpri 

^^!?0 

(btignri) 

T 

biiia 

b-'ipptj 

iai?M 

^^priri 

niis 

b'ii^ 

^'PI?! 

^^i?: 

bfe2pr\: 

"^^?' 

biti^ 

^'^p^ 

-?i?p 

bfopnn 

^isn 

bitin 

b-'iipn 

ii6pPi 

— ':   T 

btopnn 

^ipn 

bisirn 

^b'^ippn 

^Btipn 

•    :  ':    T 

^biopnn 

^^stDn 

^b^'^n 

b^iip^ 

'tl?« 

^■^p^s^ 

-IZL^DJ^ 

bsirs^ 

^b^i?p^_ 

6t:pri;^ 

^inr:^ 

*3115^ 

"?bi2pn 

nAiipn 

T  :  — >:    T 

nsbf^priri 

n3":i:Dn 

n^bsuin 

^b'^ipn 

6t:pri 

^bt^pnn 

^^^^n 

^bsirn 

nsbtiipn 

T  :    ••»:   — 

MDbDpn 

riDbiopnn 

riTihi::^ 

nibi)tn 

T  :  —    :    • 

^'t:p5 

^^!?? 

btopnp 

^1?? 

^|t?= 

^^Pl! 

btoprin 

"^i? 

^b'^tbpn 

'^^E^rj 

^nn3 

iib'^ippn 

wanting 

^tcpnr; 

^^n? 

nSbipn 

njb^pnn 

nj^ns 

^'^|?^i? 

^^^rr'? 

^^125^^^ 

V.     Paradigm  of  the  Peiifect 


1  com. 


Singular. 
2  masc.  'ifem.         3  masc.  2>  fern. 


Kal  Preterite. 
Sing.  3  mam,      ^D^Iip         ^bt5p         T|5t:p       ^H^tip  ^        t^^tip 

3/m.    ^3in5?I^    ^r^^^I?    "^^^^h^  ^nri?t:p  ^   MnBt^p 

^n5i:p^ 


2  w«sc. 


•    T  :  — »: 


^pribtip 
2/6771.  '"p'^jnb^p 


1  C(?7?i. 


rnbt^p  \ 
!r]^nbt5p  "i^^nbtip    rn^t:p    .^"nyj^ 
plue.  3  C.777.     ^?6t^p     !rj*t:p      Ti6r:p    ^n^btjp      rj^btjp 

2  7?^«..c.  ^a^inbtop     •— —  ^n^nb^p    n^ny^p 

irj^Dbtip    Tj^ib'i^p  ^n^iibt^p     n^ibt^p 


1  C6>7;7. 


INF.N.T.V...         ^3ti]j)    ^bDj5      TiBtig       -iBag       tnBaj: 


^Bt3p 

...    :  >T 


Future. 

Sing.  3  ttj^.c.   ^f^px>^^ )  ^btjp^ )  T|bt:p^   ^nStop;^ 

'?bpp' )  .I^PI?? )  ^-.^^I?' 

Plue.  3  mmc.    ^?^3tip:     ^^tJp^  t]fep:    ^n^tpp^ 


nsbiip^ 

TV     :  ' :  • 


Imperative. 
Sing.  2  77iasc.       *^??Pp 


nbt^p 

TV    :  'r 


PiEL  Preterite. 

Sing.  8  mam.       ^pbtOp         ijb^p         tjbtfp  ibt^p  rrStpp 


HiPHiL  Preterite. 

Sing.  3  mam.  ^?b^t?pri  ^^ib^topri  "qb^tppn   ib^tppri    ^ib^tppn 


SRBS  WITH  Suffixes,    §  28. 


1  com. 


2  masc. 


Plural. 

'2ifem. 


3  masc. 


\fem. 


^Dbt:p^ )      Dibtip^        libtip*^ 


J  V  :   r  • :  • 


t^bpp: 


iiDbtji^         ciibi?!^         -j^btDj^  Dbtij^ 


^snbtji^       oiinb^fp       li^btjj:        Qf^^^p        "iribt^p 


Dnbt:;^        -jribt^p 


D^nbtDp       "i^nbt:!^ 


f ' Di'snbt:;:      ^i'^btsfp       Q'Jnbtip       "fnbt^p 

^5*t:p        D?*?)?        l^^^^l?   ■      t]^^?I? 
5i5^ribt:p         D^n 


Di^Dbt:p 

ji^^b^I? 

D^i:bt?i7 

Tiii^oi? 

^^b^l? 

D5btjp5 

libt:p 

1  V  :  T   : 

dbtip 

1m 

1^*91?^ 


^5*t5p;'      tD^^btpp;'      l?^^Pl?r       CD^pp;^       "pStpp; 


^3^ai? 

nStip 

••    :  It 

T    :  '• 

c^ibt^p 

i?^^i? 

t=?^I? 

i^^P 

5i5b-^t:pn 

T      •  1;    • 

15V?l?n 

D^'tppri 

i^'^i?" 

VI. 

rARADIGM 

[   OF   rE 

liUTTURAL    VERBS, 

§(51. 

KAL. 

NIPHAL. 

rypHiL. 

HOPHAL. 

i^3  FUT. 

Pret.  3  m. 

—  T 

^g>;3 

•  / 

•  ■::  r: 

,                  1 
—  t:   IT 

1      bh^,^ 

3/ 

T    :  IT 

nTO53 

rn^z22?ri 

T        •  v;  IV 

T    :  T  IT 

bDikr\ 

2  m. 

T  :  —  T 

T  :   —  v;iv 

T  :   —v.-  IV 

riTOs^n 

T  :   —  t:   it 

by^Ti 

2/ 

^7^? 

^7^^5? 

^7^^?v 

:  :   —  t:    nr 

•    :         1 

1  c. 

''^7^? 

'^7^^?^,? 

^^TkrijQ 

•  :  —  t:   it 

bii< 

Plur.  3  c. 

:  IT 

^^'t?? 

^"i'^^V 

:  T  IT 

1    fes- 

:       1 

2  m. 

^^7"?? 

^^7^?? 

dm^j^^n 

DnTO:5?n 

V  :   —  t:    it 

T  :  — 

2/ 

1^7^^? 

1^7^=??. 

■jm^j^^n 

1  V  :  -  t:    it 

:         1 

1  c. 

:  —  r 

'^^7^^?.? 

^^7^^?^ 

;   —T.    IT 

'        T  :  — 

Infin.  Absol. 

T 

r  1" 

^t??;0  " 

TO3''n 

••  t:   it 

Constr. 

TO? 

..    T     !•• 

•  -;  1- 

—  t:   IT 

^^ 

Kal  (/<<i.  a.) 

FuT.  3  m. 

'^*^?' 

*^'^?r. 

Tjg! 

—  TIIT 

pia,: 

3/ 

^2m 

"T'^^ST) 

TO:^n 

—  i:  IT 

piti^D 

2  m. 

"j'^?^ 

••  T  r" 

•  -:  I- 

—  t:   IT 

pTnn 

2/. 

''7^?^ 

•    :  IT  •" 

•  -:  r 

•    :  T  IT 

"PjO^ 

1  <;. 

iihm 

—  t;    IT 

pi5« 

P?Mr.  3  m. 

^^"^l^ 

:  IT" 

^'u2T 

:  TIT 

^pj*:;,: 

3/ 

T  :       -:  I- 

r  :    ••  T  1" 

T  :    ••-;  r 

n5TO3>n 

T  :   —  t:   it 

-jpTt^n 

r  • :  —  v:  iv 

2  m. 

ilT;2?Fl 

:  IT  •• 

•  -:  1- 

:  T  IT 

•    :    V  IV 

2/ 

T  :       -:  1- 

T  :    ••  T  1" 

T  :    ••-:  1- 

r  :   —  t:   ct 

njppinri 

1  c. 

to:^^5 

-:i- 

TO5>5 

•  -:i- 

—  t:it 

Pi^^ 

Imper.  2  m. 

TO? 

••  T    1" 

"^50 

pTn 

2/ 

■"i^? 

•     :  IT  •• 

•      •  -:  1- 

wanting 

^pTn 

Plur.  2  m. 

iin^^? 

:  IT  •• 

•  -:  I- 

iiptri 

2/ 

n5TO3) 

r  :       -: 

T  :    ••  T  1" 

T  :    ••  -:  1- 

^?I?tn 

Part.  Act. 

"li'y 

^^^T? 

! 

Pass. 

T 

TO2?D 

T  V.IV 

ih^)2 

T  -n  1  T 

! 

VII.    Paradigm 

01?  Ayin 

Guttural  Verbs, 

§32. 

^ 

PUAL. 

,_j*-=^ — 

KAL./V' 

'  NIPHAL. 

riEL. 

JIITHPAEL. 

:et.  3  m. 

bs5  ^''bi^ro 

-^? 

bi?b 

bkr^nn 

••  r    ;    • 

3/. 

riBss 

n'ScD 

nb^r; 

T  -:i" 

nbvHb 

T  -:  1 

nb^^snn 

T  -'.IT  :    • 

2  m. 

nbu^r* 

nbi^r^^ 

nb^r. 

nbto 

T  :  — 

nb^-inn 

T  :  —  T   :    • 

2/ 

nb^r» 

mbi^ro 

nb^r* 

nb.^b 

nb^^nn 

:  :    -T    :    • 

Ic. 

^bkts 

^rb^ro 

^nb^r» 

^nbtVri 

•  :  —  r    :    • 

Plur.  8  c. 

*.^B 

^b.^ro 

6t-^-n 

*.^r» 

^ib^snn 

-:iT   :    • 

2  ?;i. 

DPibjj^s 

Dnb!s;:o 

srib^.M 

Drb^b 

Dnb^r^nn 

2/ 

"p^^? 

1^!}^^?? 

inb^^ 

"i?^^'?*? 

"inb^r^rin 

)  V  :  -IT   :    • 

1  c. 

:  —  r 

^2bik:o 

^^b^? 

^^b^b 

:  —  T    ;    • 

Infin.  vlZ's^??. 

biv<53 

bfen 

bks 

"'  T 

Gonstr. 

biiii 

b^r^n 

••  T     • 

bi«a 

••  T 

bk^nn 

••T   :    • 

FUT.    8  7?l. 

b^T 

bkt>^ 

bt?:."' 

••t: 

bk:o 

3/. 

bton 

b^^T\ 

b5?;n 

••T    : 

bi^bn 

bksnm 

2  771. 

b^^n 

■   'bi^■^^\ 

bi«:.n 

bi^bn 

bkr^rin 

••  T    :    • 

2/ 

^bjj^r^n 

•    -:iT   • 

•    -:iT   ; 

•^b^bn 

^b.H-inn 

•    —.IT  ;    • 

Ic. 

b^r^5^ 

b;krij^ 

••T  -;    . 

bto^ 

bkr,r.^ 

••  T    ;    V 

Pkr.  8  m. 

-;iT» 

-:it: 

*u^b^ 

-:iT  :  • 

8/ 

n:3bi^jn 

n^b:kr^n 

rijbjf^r^n 

T  :  — T    : 

nsbv^Binn 

T  :  —  T   : 

2  «z. 

^bi^r^n 

^lb^^rin 

-:iT   : 

^b^bn 

-:iT  :    • 

2/ 

nsbikr^n 

rijb.<<-in 

nDbkr^n 

T  :  — T    : 

nsbi^bn 

T  :  —      : 

T  :  — T   :    ' 

Ic. 

5^v^f? 

b^35 

••  T* 

bs?:o 

^5533 

bkr^ns 

••  T    ;  • 

Lmpee.  2  wi. 

b^B 

••  T      • 

••  T 

bksnn 

••  T   :    • 

2/ 

^b^r, 

^b^^sn 

"b^r* 

•    -:iT 

■svanting 

^b.^:rn 

P?M7'.  2  «2. 

6>5;s 

-:iT   • 

-:iT 

~:iT   :     • 

2/ 

T  :  —  : 

T  :  — T    • 

n:bi53 

r  :  — T 

T  :  — T    :    • 

Part.  Act. 

b^3 

••T   : 

Pass. 

b!ii<s 

T 

T  :  • 

T      : 

9 


VIII.    Paradigm  of  Lamedii  Guttural  Verbs,  §^3~ 


EAL. 


Peet.  3  m. 

3/ 
2  w. 

2/ 

1  c. 

Plur.  3  c. 


-      T 

T  ;    IT 

nn3-tZ3 

T   ;  -    T 
:   -  -    T 

•   ;  -   T 


2W    DnnV^ 
2/      -nnbuj 

Ic. 


NIPHAL. 
T  ;     ;  • 

nnbiiJD 

T    :  -     ;  • 

Pirrb^rp 
'^"^*^? 

dnnbir? 


PIEL.  HIPniL.  HITnPAE 


nibii: 

T 

nbtp 

^nbtin 


Infin.  Absol. 
Constr. 

FCTT.  3  ?7J. 

3/ 

2  m. 

2/ 
1  c. 
Plur.  3  w. 

3/.    ns^ 
2  m.     iinV^n 

T    :  -     ; 

1  c.        rtb^jp 

Imper.  2  m.  y^boj 

2/        \-7biiJ 
2/      rrinbd 


m3t2:2 


Dnnbir 


T      •      ;      • 

nnb'-Ai 

T  :  —    :     • 

rinbirn, 

Dnnbizjn 
■jnnbiziri 


iriMbn'^rn 


:a: 


t  I 


nS^ 


r^brrcn 


:        IT       •  ;        _        . 

Mbt\i       n!?"^D 


rrbirrT 

T   :  -     :    - 


^nbriizj;' 

njnbriTn 

^nbpiirn 


ri^n'^3 


:    IT   •  .     _ 

•        ^  T   :  ~    - 


npnb'jpri  n:ribn"in 


••ribn'OT 


Part.  Act.  tlbfe 

pa55.      riibiij 


mbtiJD 


n^i?-j     n^bti^j     nbn'irii: 


10 


^  IX.     Paradigm  of  Pe  Nun  Verbs,  ^  34. 


KAL. 


NIPHAL. 


HIPniL.  nOPHAL. 


KAL. 


1 
Peet.  3  w. 

^     —  r 

id' 35 

t^it] 

iD'-in 

i^^S 

3/ 

T  :  IT 

T  ;  • 

r      •    • 

T  :    *.. 

T   :  IT 

2  «i. 

T    :  — T 

T   :  —  • 

T    :  —   • 

nir'in 

T    :  ~  *•. 

nihD 

r   — T 

2/ 

:    :  — r 

nis'ii 

riuiin 

ntc'ir; 

nh 

:    — r 

Ic. 

•    :  — T 

^n-jD'i? 

^nidsn 

^nis'in 

^n)ni 

•    — r 

Plur.  3  c. 

:  IT 

^b'ris 

^i2i^?ri 

^iD'r^n 

:  IT 

2  w. 

Dntiji 

dfn-^'-ii 

Dntirirr 

Dn'^nn 

Q^tl? 

2/ 

1^'^55 

"  1^^^"?? 

1^^5ri 

•jri'^sn 

1^^? 

1  c. 

:  — T 

ADIT'S? 

TOin 

^ydtri 

!^S3h5 

—  r 

Infix.  ^5«(?^. 

T 

T      •       . 

uiin 

mti 

1*5 

Ooifi^r. 

^^5 

••T     • 

iD^sn 

rin 

FuT.  3  w. 

^^? 

•T    • 

iri^ii^ 

ir'ii^ 

1^: 

3/ 

••T     • 

uj^^n 

■din 

1^^ 

2  w. 

uj^n 

'i2:"i3n 

••T      • 

U3^5n 

din 

"pn 

2/ 

^i??n 

•  :  IT  • 

^tr)^l»n 

•  ^'i'Bn 

^inn 

Ic.       , 

trs^^ 

••T    V 

IS'^Si^ 

12'isj 

"»^^ 

Plur.  3  W2. 

^izjs'^ 

:  IT  • 

r^^li;^ 

tnb'?^ 

^2n^ 

3/ 

T    :  —  • 

T     :   "T    • 

T    :  ••  — 

T    :  —  ••. 

(-inn) 

2  m. 

^"i:?n 

:  IT  • 

vd^?n 

vb'sn 

^Dnn 

2/ 

nsis^n 

T    :  -'T   • 

r     :  ••  — 

njd^n 

T    :  —  ••. 

(n|nn) 

1  c. 

12:5? 

••T  • 

tD-^ro 

12:55 

1^.? 

Tmper.  2  m. 

ITS 

•T      • 

ir'ijin 

-n 

■   2/. 

•'ir'B 

•  :  IT   • 

^■^'^n 

wanting 

^in 

PZ?^r.  2  m. 

^b*? 

:  IT   • 

^'d^iti 

•on 

2/ 

n5"^*5 

T    :  "T    • 

T     :  ••  — 

(-?^) 

Part.  -4c^. 

ir'ib 

'C''?7J 

1^^ 

Paw. 

T 

T   • 

i2:'3/j 

T     \ 

1*5 

11 


X. 

Paradigm 

NIPHAL. 

[/OF  Ayijj 

KAL. 

PIEL. 

PRET.  3  m. 

3iD 

—  T 

=D 

263 

nnio 

3/ 

nino 

T    ;  IT 

T    — 

T  — T 

ninio 

T  :      1 

2  m. 

m-i?) 

T              — 

T          — ; 

nniiD 

2/ 

m^) 

riino 

niiiD? 

nnnio 

Ic. 

•    :  —  T 

^ninD 

^niiiDD 

^nniio 

riur.  3  c. 

:  IT 

^nb 

^nb3 

— r 

^inio 

2  wi. 

(DPin^p) 

QninD 

Dhinss 

dnnnio 

2/. 

(i^?5?) 

"jfilno 

^nln^s 

innnio 

Ic. 

:   —  r 

^3lilD 

iiiliiDp 

^nilD 

Infin.  ^fec?. 

nibn 

ndio 

Constr. 

nzD 

^bri 

nilD 

FuT.  3  ??i. 

T 

nfe^ 

nilo^ 

3/ 

T 

nsri 

nbrT 

nnicn 

2  TO. 

ncn 

T 

nsn 

nfen 

ndicn 

2A 

•            T 

^itpn 

'???]• 

^inion 

Ic. 

T 

nD5? 

^1^? 

ndfc^^ 

P?wr.  8  w. 

T 

^iD^ 

^^b:   • 

iiinio^ 

3/ 

nsnbm 

T  :        • 

ninbn 

T    ;  —   • 

n^niicn 

2  TO. 

T 

iin&n 

iinbn 

tinlcn 

2/\ 

T     V  \  : 

nsn'bn 

T    ;         • 

ninbn 

T   :  —  • 

niniicn 

Ic. 

T 

no? 

nb? 

^^'lo? 

Impek.  2  ??i. 

no 

nbri 

•  nilo 

2/. 

^no 

^nbri 

^inio 

P^wr.  2  m. 

\      n^^iD 

T         V    •.. 

iinbn 

^dnlD 

2/. 

nsnbn 

T   :  —   • 

^.^T?^'^ 

Part.  ^c^. 

'd  nib 

nilo^j 

•  Pass. 

n^it) 

T 

2D3- 

TT 

12 


Doubled  Ve 

iiBs,  §  35. 

HipniL. 

nopnAL. 

niTHPAEL, 

PIEL. 

ncn 

iD^n 

niiron 

T\k^^ 

nnfcn 

T  — 

T  :      1   :    • 

T  :  ;   • 

niion 

T   :  —         ;    • 

T  :  —  :   • 

rtisDn 

rGiinon 

^5^5? 

•^niion 

^n:3iinDn 

^nDbiDp 

^^fcn 

^sb^n 

:      1   :    • 

^iDlDp 

cnSncr; 

Dnnninpn 

DPJ5D5P 

it^^^n 

■jshnnincr; 

lfe??5? 

^3incn 

^sniincn 

^3^bp  . 

i6n 

••    T 

tjb^D 

••     T 

niiincn 

'^??5 

n6^ 

••  T 

i6^^ 

niiriD': 

^^5?^ 

••     T 

iD^n 

niSnDPi 

^cxn 

ncn 

••    T 

no^n 

nilnon 

^fc??^ 

^non 

•^sb^n 

•    :       1   :    • 

^???5^ 

••    T 

nb^ij^ 

niinoij 

^???^ 

^nfe-' 

i^nb^'^ 

^i:2inD^ 

^^^?5: 

ni^t&n 

nDipb^Dn 

•■    T 

qnb^n 

:       1   :    • 

nrncn 

T     V  •    : 

n^niinDD 

nriDbbtPr 

I 

••T 

nfai^i 

sisntp? 

t]bX3 

••    T 

**        •   * 

^5?5 

•     ••     T 

wanting 

•  1  •  * 

1*     V  •   -: 

■m 

T   :   ••          :    * 

njiDbSD 

^5^;? 

^bSTC12 

^'^■??^'? 

T 

1.Q 


.^t^ 


, 

XL     Paradigm  op 

Ayin  Vav 

„ 

A                 KAL. 

NIPHAL. 

PIEL. 

PUAL. 

Pkkt.  3  w. 

Dfe 

Dip5 

Diip 

D^bip 

3/ 

"ii 

n^jiji; 

T    :      1 

n-fJipj 

m^ 

rii7b^p3 

n^fbip 

n^7jip 

2/ 

T\'q'^ 

nii:^pD 

M^jip 

n^fbip 

Ic. 

'\  "!!"■?& 

wb^p5  ■ 

'3n)fb1p 

^mjip 

Plur.  3  c. 

)    *^l 

■-/jip? 

^7j7jij:5 

-^P 

2  w. 

I  Dr)"i?]2 

Dini/jip5 

Dm?jip 

cn-fj^p 

:        2/ 

■  \  1^'^E 

l^'^'^'^^'l?? 

■jn/j^^p? 

']n/f^np 

Ic. 

^"^2 

^Dii::^pD 

^S/^'^^p 

n^/fbip 

Infin.  ^5soZ. 

dip 

Dipri 

Constr. 

.    mp 

Dipri 

ni]ip 

FuT.  3  w. 

D^p; 

Dip: 

n3i!T: 

d-bip: 

i               ^*^* 

D^n 

Dipn 

DBp!^ 

dtipn 

2  w. 

Di-JFI 

T 

Dipn 

D/hipn 

d^bipn 

2/  ,"• 

"'asijin 

^:aipn 

^^b^Sj^n 

^/b^ipn 

Ic. 

D^ps 

dipsj 

ci/^T^ 

dbipx 

Plur.  3  w. 

roili: 

ii:aip: 

:    »i  : 

^^■^^1?'; 

3/ 

nj'^^j^pn 

r;j7:]ipn 

T    ;     1      • 

nj^fjipn 

nrj^bipn 

2  w. 

.  ^^i^.pn , 

i^'^ipn 

^yb^jipn 

si53^ipn 

2/ 

nj^b^pi^ 

r    :     }      • 

ni^fbipri 

T    :  —   '      : 

Ic. 

mpj 

DipJ 

C37;?ip5 

dbipp 

Imper.  2  ?»• 

D^p 

dipn 

dtip 

2/ 

'^^^P  :• 

^?^^pn 

^^b^aip 

wanting 

PZ?fr.  2  m. 

^^^^P' 

ii/:iipn 

^b^ip 

2/ 

T    : '   - 

nj^^ipn 

nj^fbip 

Part.  ^cf. 

^R 

» 

t3'bip/j 

Pa«5. 

D^p 

Dip? 

dTbip53 

T          : 

14 


AND  Ayin  Yodh  VERBa,  §37. 

HIPHIL. 

nOPHAL. 

HITIIPAEL. 

KAL. 

t3'j?r! 

Djb^n 

D/biprri 

T 

tllTptf 

tV2^r} 

ni'airjinn 

T  T 

rt^i^'pn 

(mjb^n) 

ra^jipinri 

T  :  —           T          • 

ni:a^pq 

(n^j^^n) 

mbipinn 

nn^ 

':0^'^'j?l! 

(^mj^^n) 

'^ri^fbipnsn 

''m:^    ''rti^'i 

"^iz^if] 

^^jfp^n 

^12l2^]^T\tl 

T                                   • 

dihwgq 

(dr)52]2^ri) 

Dmjifjnn 

^fe^5 

'jni^'^ipq 

imp-^^) 

'iM^alpinri 

•jm^ 

'isvi^pn 

(iiD)jj2^n) 

^D/fblpinn 

^Dn^ 

^Pr} 

• 

fi^Pg 

G^jipnri 

^i 

o^p: 

t3fe^' 

n'iTipt}*: 

•  r 

D^ 

dp^n 

D/bipnn 

•     T 

aft? 

Djb^n 

D^^ipnri 

•     T 

•     T 

^7!:piin 

•  •:      1 

^)b/jipnr) 

*        •     T 

^'1?? 

.      Dg^lX 

Q^^^'P^5§ 

•     T 

^?rib; 

^52i?^: 

^i2^gipr\: 

iin^r 

(raafe^n) 

nrjiipripi 

T   :  ••  T 

^rjbn 

>lJ3i?^Fl 

in^i^jijijinn 

•     T 

T    :  I"  T 

(TO^pn) 

n5/::/bipnn 

'•T 

0)2^2 

■Qtipn? 

a-n3 

•  T 

spO 

Q^blpnn 

-n 

^^to 

wanting 

^7b!ai|:5nri 

-a^n 

^•rpn 

^/b^^ijDinri 

^a^n 

^5'?P0 

ns/j/bipnn 

T    :    ••    »      :    • 

{^•m 

n-^pj 

DtSpin^j 

an 

T 

D]b^-3 

a^n 

15 


XII 

.    Paradigm  of 

Pe  Yodh 

Verbs,  §36. 

.^^^:^^l'':- 

/   NIPFAJ-. 

niPHiL. 

HOPHAL. 

KAL. 

Peet.  3  m. 

—  r 

niTiD 

.n^toin 

ni^n 

"T 

3/ 

T    ;iT 

T    :     1 

nn^iziin 

T          • 

T    :       1 

T   :  IT 

2  m. 

T    ;    — T 

T  :  — 

T  :   — 

T   :    — 

T    ;  — T 

2/ 

:   :   — T 

nniiiD 

.nn-iiin 

nizir^n 

:    :  — r 

Ic. 

•    :   —T 

^nniiiD 

^nniziin 

''nnir^n 

^rTiri"^ 

Plur.  3  c. 

:  IT 

ti'iTiD 

^n'^irin 

:       1 

:  IT 

2  77^. 

C3r]?^" 

DnniilD 

Dnnuiin 

V   :   -      1 

Dnm*: 

2/ 

•jnnii:": 

I  V  :  -    i 

•jMir^rj 

W^5: 

Ic. 

:   — T 

^::ni5i3 

^DniBin 

^snir'^n 

;  — T 

« 

Intin.  Ahsol. 

T 

niin 

T 

Canstr. 

^5^' 

••T      • 

• 

nir^n 

iiin;^ 

FUT.  8  771. 

^'ID'' 

nij^^ 

t^'-^r 

liiv 

m^^ 

3/ 

^'i?^^ 

•"T      • 

n^irin 

nfe^n 

irn^ri 

2  77^. 

^^!^ 

n^^in 

nii^n 

iDd'^n 

2/ 

•     ;iT  • 

^n^uiin 

Ic. 

^i?^ 

"T     • 

n^iri)^ 

n^iiu^ 

iri\N: 

PZW7\  S  W. 

:  1" 

:iT  • 

^n^iDi"^ 

t 

^i:i^^ 

3/ 

T   :  —  •• 

T  :    "T   • 

nnib'in 

T   :    — 

T    :  —      • 

2  m. 

:iT  • 

^n^ir'in 

^iti^n 

2/. 

T   :    "T    • 

T   :    •• 

T   :    — 

r     :   — 

1  c. 

^t?? 

••T  • 

n^fciD 

:iiD'ii3 

■ci-?  j 

Impee.  2  m. 

,       ^^. 

••T     • 

n^in 

^i^ 

2/ 

PZwr.  2  m. 

•    :iT   • 
:iT    • 

wanting 

2/ 

T   :     •• 

T    :    "T    • 

nr^i; 

Paet.  -4c  ^. 

2'i!d'' 

n'^iri-j 

izjiv 

Pass. 

T 

T 

T 

T 

16 


XIII. 

Paradigm  of  Lamedh  Aleph  Verbs 

',    §38. 

KAL. 

NIPHAL. 

PIEL. 

nipniL. 

niTHPAEL. 

Peet.  3  m. 

T     T 

r    :  • 

^^?'^ 

ij^-^r^n 

^k-'^m 

&/. 

T    ;    IT 

T    :    :  • 

T    :    • 

T      •    :    • 

n^ssi/^nri 

2  m. 

T           T     T 

T       ••   :  • 

T            ••     • 

T       ••   :    • 

r            .•   —     ;      . 

2/. 

T     T 

ri^i-^? 

t^-^'4^ 

nji^k^n 

nv^k"^m 

Ic. 

•            T    T 

^n«i:j? 

*mk'2 

^sn^k^^n 

^n&^k^nn 

Plur.  3  c. 

:  IT 

^,^^9? 

"^iai^ 

^vH^k^ri 

^k^^m 

2  m. 

r    : 

Dr;.^:?i23 

timT'2 

cim^/^ri 

tsh^^^^^m 

2/ 

•jtiwsrj?^ 

it!^?'^? 

'jn.r^^ 

•jin^rori 

-im^i-^r.ri 

Ic. 

T     T 

^iHi'.:? 

^^v^k"^ 

r.^T^Ti 

^5^k-^m 

Infin.  ^5wZ 

T 

^i'j? 

^k-g 

^-?^L! 

Constr 

1^'i^^ 

t^.r^ 

jj^^r^n 

;^k'^nr; 

FuT.  3  m. 

^k-2'' 

••     T  • 

mr^T 

^^%''2l 

^k-;n^ 

8/ 

T    :    • 

••     T      • 

^k^^n 

^''%^qT\ 

^k:2t\T\ 

2  w. 

T    ;    • 

••     T      • 

^k)^n 

K^k^n 

^k:2T\T\ 

2/ 

^•^T2V] 

.    :    IT   • 

^te/^n 

^^^k/^n 

^k^)2t\T\ 

1  c. 

T    :    V 

••     T    V 

^k"^^^ 

;^"k:2v^ 

^k:2T\^ 

Plur.  3  w. 

^^:^=9: 

;   IT  • 

^k!^/J^ 

^^^^rr 

^]k-?^ri;; 

8/ 

T       V    :     • 

T            V     T       • 

nj^k^n 

n:&^k^2n 

T       V    :   — 

T        •••  —   ;• 

2  w. 

^^:^^^ri 

:    IT   • 

^i^%i2v\ 

^.^^i'^n 

^k!|/«nrn 

2/ 

T        V    ;    • 

T            V     T      • 

fmk'2T\ 

rij^k'^rn 

n^^.^r^rin 

Ic. 

T    :  • 

••     T  • 

t-^k-^: 

W'%'21 

TiirEK.  2  7?i. 

^t'2 

T   : 

••     T     • 

mi2 

^^k-^ri 

^4"^m 

2/ 

\^:^^; 

•    :    IT   • 

^k^'2 

^^^k^n 

^^i^"^r.ri 

P^i^r.  2  TO. 

Ji^^/^ 

:    IT   • 

^^"¥•2 

^.H-r^n 

^^r^tnri 

2/ 

T       V   : 

T            V     T      • 

T            V    — 

n^Kk'^n 

T       V   :  — 

Paet.  .4c^. 

isiib 

^5r^9 

ij^-^k/^^ 

Nk^^ra 

Pass. 

r 

T    :  • 

* 

17 


"61^        XIV. 

Paradigm 

OF  Lamedh 

KAL. 

NIPDAL. 

PIEL. 

PiiET.  3  ra. 
3/. 

T    T 

T  :  IT 

T  ;  • 

nn55r 

T  :  :  • 

nnba 

2  m. 
2/ 

T      •     T 
•      T 

T    ••  :  • 

n^b;o 

ri^53 

T       •     • 

ri'b3 

\c. 
Plur.  3  c. 

2  m. 

^n^'Ja 
dh^ba 

2/ 

■jn-'ba 

ir)'^?3 

■jn^ba  • 

1  c. 

•     T 

^r);a 

Infin.  ^JsoZ. 

A                   T 

iH'ji 

Constr. 

{ni!ii 

T      • 

PiV'5 

FuT.  3  m. 

nSr 

Y  X.^ 

nb'j-' 

3/ 

rii^n 

nbsm 

n&n 

2  ??j. 

n5r»n 

nb'iin 

V   T      • 

nb':,n 

2/. 
P^MT*.  3  m. 

^b'3n 

•    T      • 
T  • 

4V 

3/ 

nrb'iin 

T      V   T      • 

ra'5an 

2  w. 

6?n 

*ib'an 

T      • 

^"jan 

2/ 
1  c. 

ns-'b'an 
'n535 

V    T  • 

Imper.  2  m. 

nBa 

•■  T      • 

nb'a 

2/ 

^?3 

^53n 

^b'a 

Plur.  2  w. 

6a 

^ar: 

^%. 

2/ 

T    V  : 

ns^b'-in 

T      V    T      • 

M^Va 

Part.  Act. 

n5a 

nb'j'o 

Pass. 

^63 

T 

n.3?? 

- 

18 


He  Verbs,  §  39. 

PUAL. 

niPHiL. 

HOPHAL. 

HITHPAEL. 

n% 

nb^n 

nb^n 

in^'BinM 

nh^-i 

Hri5?n 

nnbjH 

T  :  :   T 

T  :  —  :    • 

n^b'a 

n^b'r^n 

T    •  —  :    • 

n^Vs 

n^b'jM 

n^bbn 

"   J     T 

ri^bsnri 

^n^Vn 

^m^^b'^n 

•    ••  :   T 

^n^^nnn 

^% 

^^^n 

;     T 

^b-inn 

Dh^^!i 

Din^b::^n 

V    •• :    T 

Dh^b-iinn 

l-n"^? 

l^^^?n 

it'^fO 

-|n^br»nri 

tire's 

^rbbn 

^::^b'5n 

^rbsriri 

(^^?) 

^b'?L! 

nb'^n 

(ri%ir;) 

niSr^n 

(ni!:?n) 

riib^nri 

n^'j"' 

nbb^ 

nb';- 

n&r^^ 

nV^n 

ri^n 

V  :   T 

nb'iinn 

nV::^ri 

nb-"^n 

V  :    r 

nb'r»nn 

^Vr^n 

^bbn 

•  :   T 

^b'linn 

nb'r^K 

nb3Jj^ 

V  :  T 

nb-ins 

^^r 

^!5?: 

:  T 

^^sn^ 

ni'^^'.nn 

ns'^bbn 

T    V  :   T 

ns^b'snn 

^^^n 

^S^n 

:   T 

^bunn 

ni^b'nn 

nr^-nn 

T    V  :    r 

.nrb'-inn 

TV—:    • 

V  \  : 

^y?^ 

nb'ro 

V  :  r 

^^.)'2S?? 

. 

nbr^n 

nV^nn 

wanting 

^>'^n 

wanting 

^y^nri 

^3:^n 

^b^riri 

n^^bbn 

T    V  :   — 

•r    V  —    :     • 

r^Tz 

nV-in/j 

inVrj^J 

nb'j/j 

V  :   T 

19 


XV.     Declension  of 


Garden. 

Fish. 

Guard. 

Vengeance. 

Cloud. 

Heart. 

Flower. 

Tree. 

Wall. 

Suckling. 

Interpreter. 

Statute. 

Turtle-dove. 

Memorial. 

King. 

Hiding-place. 

Strength. 

Death. 

Hebrew. 

Appearance. 


Absol. 

T 

;t  t 

••  T 

ph 

T  • 
V     T 


Singular. 

IS 
nib 

n^ir.  or   1^5 

•       PH 

•nb^b 


Plueal. 

Absol.        Constr. 


•  T 

d^inb 

^'P?t 
^^%^)^ 

d^nh 
d^biiDT 
d^ib^^ 

•  T    : 

d^nno 
d^7b^^ 

•   T  t; 

d^lhi'j 

d^^nns'  or  d^nn? 

d-^jtkn:j 


'?5 


Singular. 

Absol. 

Constr. 

Palm. 

^1 

5ll 

Hand. 

T 

r 

"Wing. 

^?? 

51=1 

Tooth. 

1^ 

1^- 

Foot. 

i^ro 

y^h 

Ear. 

T!i« 

il^ 

Eye. 

Pl 

r=? 

Lip. 

T     T 

PSIB 

Dual. 

Absol. 

d:^5 

•    — T 

d'^sss 

•  — r  : 

d^5U3 

"^ 
d^iT]^ 

•  — ;    T 

d^'nsb 

•   ~  T    : 

""20 


Co72str. 
"DTK 


Plural. 
Absol.         Constr, 


nfe5 
nir 

T 

T  : 

d^b:n 

T  -; 


Nouns,  §§44-47. 

Singular. 

Plural. 

Adsol. 

Gonstv. 

Absol. 

Constr. 

Garden. 

T  — 

t\n 

nih 

riii5 

Fish  (collective 

'                                  T    T 

ni'H 

T 

nii'n 

Observance. 

V  V    :    •                     V  V    :    • 

T    :    • 

riiT^uJ7j 

Vengeance. 

^?I?? 

f^^^r?? 

r.i:'ipD 

nirp5 

Cloud  (coUecti^ 

re.)    n:3? 

'               TT  -: 

snDp!? 

T  -: 

nibs? 

Sin. 

T   — 

n.^^n 

T  — 

ni^ton 

Flower. 

T  • 

snk? 

riikp 

snikp 

Counsel. 

T   •• 

ni?; 

niis? 

nii?^ 

Wall. 

rn^-^ 

sn^^r» 

ninji* 

nin^ri 

Sucker. 

^I??.'^'" 

^I??.^"' 

nif:)Di; 

snipjv 

Poem. 

T    •    : 

ni^b/j 

xnii^b/j 

niii^b^^ 

Statute. 

npn 

njin 

nipn 

nipn 

Law. 

nnin 

ninin 

ninin 

Skull. 

nVib? 

^bi^? 

nib^b^ 

mibsbri 

Queen. 

T  :  — 

t\^12  ' 

ni5b!a 

T    ; 

miib^g 

Hiding-place. 

T   :  • 

mnnp  ■ 

T  : 

minnD 

Strength.     , 

T   :  T 

—  ;  T 

T  t: 

Kingdom. 

WDb'J 

r^^Db^^ 

tni^sb)^ 

nibb"^ 

Hebrew- worn  an.      XTl^  "nils' 

n^nn? 

ni^'in? 

ni^D? 

Vision. 

T  :  — 

in.^n/j 

ni&^n^5 

nik^'j 

Adjectives    and    Participles. 

SiNGITLAE. 

Plural. 

Masc.            Fern. 

Ifasc. 

i^^7?2. 

Many. 

in       nin 

D^i:i 

niin 

Small. 

1^1?     ^s;t5i: 

t^i^p 

nS3t:p 

Heavy. 

"lis     n^ns 

••  T                  T  ••  : 

t3'^;;? 

ni^ns 

Great. 

bii-i     nb'i-is 

T                 T        : 

Q^b'iiB 

nibi-i3 

Deep. 

pW      T\^12l 

d^pi:^ 

nip^? 

Kal  act.  part. 

btsp      nbbj^ 

or  ribi^p 

t^'bbp 

nibtpj: 

Kal  pass.  part. 

b^t:]5    nbVc:i:p 

a^b'^t^p 

nib^tip 

Niphal  part. 

btbpD     nbiipi 

t':  •                T  T>:  • 

or  r^bipp 

n''bbpp 

nib'^pp 

XVI.    Paradigm  of 

N 

OUNS    WITH 

Suffixes, 

H9. 

Singular. 

] 

lieart      lib 

king     -Tib/b 

queen     »l-b*5 

hand     1^ 

T 

Const, 

5ib 

Tib^j 

V    V 

nsb/j 

^: 

Sing.  1  c.   my 

-nab 

(( 

-:?b:o 

<; 

•  T  ;  ■" 

u 

•  T 

2  m.  thy 

^?5^ 

u 

^3ba 

u 

%T\ffq 

a 

n?.: 

2/   thy 

^4?^ 

a 

^^i'j 

u 

^b?k 

a 

^i: 

3  m.  his 

iinb 

c; 

i^a 

u 

ih|b/j 

u 

in" 

3/   her 

T  T  ; 

a 

nibba 

u 

a 

XT 

Plur.  1  c.    our 

••  T  : 

u 

*i=5^'5 

a 

••  T  :  — 

u 

•'T 

2  w.  your 

Dinnb 

u 

I3=#J 

a 

^5^?^*"^ 

u 

DD7: 

2/.   your 

"l???^ 

a 

■jisb^j 

u 

15^?^^ 

u 

157." 

3  m.  their 

T    T   I 

u 

niib-3 

T  ;   "" 

u 

dhsb/^ 

T  T  ;  — 

u 

TT 

3/.   their 

1=?^ 

u 

1^^? 

u 

ihsb^j 

1  TT  :  - 

u 

ITT 

Plural. 

D 

UAL. 

hearts   Q^i^lb 

•    T  : 

king 

3  D-5ba 

queens  Iniib^J 

hands  Q'^l'^ 

Const. 

-iab 

'?^a 

nibb^j 

^X 

Sing.  1  c.  my 

(( 

—  T    ; 

u 

^niDb^j 

(( 

••T 

2  m.  thy 

T??^ 

(; 

1    -.-T   : 

a 

T^^'4'^ 

U 

•••r 

2/   thy 

ti-inb 

•  —  T  : 

a 

T^^^ 

(( 

■^^^'^^^ 

a 

^rr 

3  m.  his 

rb.±> 

(( 

TDba 

T  T    ; 

(( 

rhiDb^'j 

T        :  — 

u 

TT 

3/   her 

ri^inb 

T     V  T  : 

a 

n^Db^j 

T     V  T    ; 

u 

n^iDb^j 

TV         ;   — 

(( 

T       VT 

Plur.  1  c.    our 

•'  T  : 

(( 

^i-'Db-j 

••T    : 

(( 

^rniiDb'^ 

(I 

••T 

2  7?i.  your 

Di^nnb 

C( 

oi'?!?^ 

u 

Di^ni^pb-^ 

(C 

^?'T 

2/.   your 

ir??^ 

u 

15'5t'"^ 

(C 

•)i^ni::b^ 

i( 

15'T 

3  m.  their 

c^n^nnb 

a 

t3\!'?^'5 

n 

tDn-nib^j 

u 

^0'"? 

3/.   their 

1\!'^^^ 

u 

in'5^^ 

u 

in^nS:Db?j 

J  V     ••     1  :  — 

u 

IQ""^- 

22 


XVII.     Numerals,  §51. 
Cardinals. 


Masculine. 
Ab&ol.             Constr. 

Feminine. 
Ahsol.            Constr. 

One 

ins: 

T    V 

nfij? 

"T\m 

nn« 

Two 

Three 

T          • 

^5123 
to3u3 

T 

Four 

T     T   I    ^ 

n^^ni^ 

^bn^ 

5?5nx 

Five 

ni?7brt 

••    T 

■^"^n 

Six 

^^■i? 

iriD 

12:^5 

Seven 

T   :    • 

sninii 

5^5'i? 

^Jhxi 

Eight 

T        : 

nibir 

nbb"^ 

nibti 

Kine 

T      I      • 

n?irn 

3J^r} 

^■ibn 

Ten 

T     T  ~J 

^7^? 

™ij 

'^''?? 

Eleven 

1  ^i?? 

1in« 

•nnto 

Twelve 

V              T  r 

Thirteen 

'libs? 

T   T 

^"'^w 

tibis 

I:ourteen 

T   T 

ni?:anu5 

T  T  :  — 

nniij? 

5?in^ 

E^teen 

T  T 

T  •  -: 

nnw 

^^^.n 

Sixteen 

nib:? 

T  T 

T       • 

nnw 

iria 

Seventeen 

T  r 

ni?:nta 

T  :    • 

J^"]'^? 

5?itD 

Eighteen 

ib3? 

T  T 

n;'53ir 

ti^to 

nibiD 

Nineteen 

nib:? 

T  T 

T    :    • 

^^.to 

yirn 

Tvrenty 

n^^m     I 

3ixty            Q-^fct? 

One  hundred 

T     •• 

Thirty 

Q^fcb©      ! 

Seventy      D^5?nip 

Two  hundred 

•      -             T 

Forty 

D'^:ban«     ] 

Eighty        Q^bb© 

One  thousand 

'^\k 

Fifty 

Q'^^^n 

N-inety        n^i?T2JP\ 

Ordinals. 

Ten  thousand 

siai 

First 

liiiji^n 

Fifth       ^c^-an 

Eighth       "^b-^tJ© 

Second 

^i.V. 

Sixth          •'^© 

Ninth        ^i^Wn 

third 

iic-)bT» 

Seventh    '^i?'^!© 

Tenth       ^n'^ip^? 

':1ourth 

'li'^n-i 

"^ 

n 

•n 

•ni3* 

12 

n 

n 

ntt 

13 

n 

n 

T 

T 

tt 

n 

n 

ntt 

XVIII.     Inseparable  Prepositions  and  Vav 
Conjunctive,   §  52. 

Primary  form,  3            3             ^           n 

Before  vowelless  Consonants,  ;2           3           ^"            '^ 

Before  Gutturals  with  Compound  Sh'va,  the  corresponding  short  vo^cel 

Before  monosyllables  and  accented  syllables,  fa           3            \i           ^ 

With  the  contracted  article,  a,  vowel  of  the  article.     ' 

*  Also  before  the  labials  2 ,  53 ,  and  B ,  but  1  before  vowelless  Yodh. 
t  With  the  interrogative  ,1X33 ,  ht)3 ,  na^  or  nib 

The  Preposition  ya,  He  Inteerogative,  the  Article. 
AND  THE  Interrogative  tra. 

Before  strong  consonants, 

Before    vowelless    consonants  and  strong    ) 
gutturals,  °    > 

Before  weak  gutturals, 

Before  gutturals  with  Kamets, 

*  But  with  a  disjunctive  accent  commonly  nja . 

Inseparable  Prepositions  with  Suffixes. 

Singular. 

8/.    inia  rib'  ni:b3  nsirj 

"  T  T  T  T  f     *  T 

Pltjeal. 

ic.    ^ik  i^sb  iisiis  ^'h)2 

T  T  r  V   • 

2m.  C]i:n  dbb   d53,d5vj3  Dib^j 

V  T  VT  V  T  '        V         :  -'   • 

24 


XIX.     The  Accents,  ^15. 

DISJUNCTIVES. 

Class 

I.    Emperors. 

*1.    Silluk 

(,) 

:psi^p 

*S.  Athnahh 

(.) 

^m 

Class  II.  Kings, 

3.   S'gholta 

i-) 

postp. 

4.    Zakeph  Katon 

(■) 

v"i?  m 

5.   Zakeph  Gadhol 

C) 

^1'^^,  m 

*6.   Tiphhha 

U 

VT   {    • 

Class  III.  DuTces. 

*7.  R'bhr 

/  •  \ 

5'''^'? 

*8.   Shalsheleth 

/is 

V   V  :   - 

*9.   Zarka 

/  *^\ 

i^i^li 

postp. 

10.   Pashta 

/•  %\ 

T  :  - 

postp. 

11.  Y'thlbh   : 

\<  / 

prep. 

12.   T'bhir 

V 

Class  IV.  Counts. 

*13.   Pazfir 

/  H  V 

••    T 

14.   K-arne  Phara 

f'KP. 

T  T     "  :>- 

15.  T'lisha  Gh'dhola 

(  ^\ 

T        :          T     •   : 

prep. 

16.   Geresh 

f  \ 

17.   G'rashayim 

f  "\ 

•    ~  T  : 

*18.   P'slk 

(') 

ipiD& 

CONJUNCTIVES.     Servants, 

*19.   Merka 

\l  / 

*20.   MQnahh 

\  J  / 

21.   Merka  Kh'phGla 

^  Ji' 

/;t         :         T  :   ••• 

*22.   Mahpakh 

V<  / 

•r^sna 

23.    Darga 

\t  ) 

»T  :  - 

*24.    Kadhma 

f  '*\ 

^^115 

*25.  Yerahh  ben  Yomo 

Vv/ 

26.  T'il^ha  K'tanna 
2 

25 

risap  xiaiptn 

postp. 

XX.      Consecution  of  Accents,  §  19. 


Primary 
Sections. 

Disjunctives. 
Class  I. 

<£ 

U 
o 

CO 
my 

I' 

H 
O 

D 

■-> 

c 
O 

1 

Disjunctives. 
"*                          Cla.ss  III. 

u 

H 

O 

o 

O 

m 

m 

O 

J? 

O 

* 
* 
1 

.; 

r  1 

/ 

v(.,«) 

.C)C)' 

/(") 



A 

J 

.'. 

..(.) 

oo 

i.)\.)' 

^CH 1. 

Secondary 
Sections. 

' 

■J  J 

L) 

x)\S 

■■• 

1 

' 

J[j\s)  lJ\j) 

5 

H 

"  -1  J  J  J  ^ 

J 

;» 

Unusual 
Sections. 

i 

1 

<<p 

V  J  J  J  J  f 

h 

The  accents  in  parenthesis  are  liable  to  be  substituted  for  those  that  pi^ 
code  them.     Thus  in  the  train  of  Silluk  or  Athnahh  occupying  the,  'apf 
horizontal  line  of  the  table,  if  T'bhir  is  preceded  by  one  Conjunctive,  it  vj] 
be  Darga  or  Mcrka ;  if  by  two,  the  second  will  be  Kadhma  or  Munahh ; 
by  threO)  the  third  will  be  T'lisha  K'tanna. 

I 


•Ft.-, '15 


